Posted by Affirmative → Negative Transformation-এর সকল গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Rules
Affirmative sentence হলো ইতিবাচক বাক্য এবং Negative sentence হলো নেতিবাচক বাক্য। Transformation-এর সময় মূল অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রাখতে হবে।
উদাহরণ:
He is honest.
→ He is not dishonest.
এখানে বাক্যটি Negative হয়েছে, কিন্তু মূল অর্থ একই আছে।
Rule 1: শুধু Not বসিয়ে নয়, অর্থ ঠিক রেখে Negative করতে হবে
সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয় হলো অর্থের কোনো পরিবর্তন করা যাবে না।
He is honest.
→ He is not dishonest. ✅
কিন্তু:
He is not honest. ❌
এতে অর্থ পরিবর্তিত হয়ে গেছে।
Rule 2: Opposite Word ব্যবহার
Affirmative adjective-এর বিপরীত শব্দের আগে not বসানো যায়।
Pattern:
Affirmative word → not + Opposite word
| Affirmative | Negative |
| honest | not dishonest |
| wise | not foolish |
| happy | not unhappy |
| kind | not unkind |
| regular | not irregular |
| possible | not impossible |
| careful | not careless |
| useful | not useless |
Example:
He is honest.
→ He is not dishonest.
The man is wise.
→ The man is not foolish.
The plan is possible.
→ The plan is not impossible.
⚠️ তবে সব adjective-এর ক্ষেত্রে এই পদ্ধতি স্বাভাবিক নয়। পরীক্ষায় অর্থগত সমতা নিশ্চিত করতে হবে।
Rule 3: Only → None but
Only + person থাকলে:
Only Rahim was present.
→ None but Rahim was present.
আরও উদাহরণ
Only Karim can do the work.
→ None but Karim can do the work.
Only the brave deserve the fair.
→ None but the brave deserve the fair.
Rule 4: Only + thing → Nothing but
কোনো বস্তু/বিষয় বোঝালে:
Only money can solve the problem.
→ Nothing but money can solve the problem.
He wants only peace.
→ He wants nothing but peace.
মনে রাখুন
Only + person → None but
Only + thing → Nothing but
Rule 5: Only + number/amount → Not more than
He has only ten taka.
→ He has not more than ten taka.
There are only five students.
→ There are not more than five students.
Rule 6: Only + age → Not more than
He is only ten years old.
→ He is not more than ten years old.
Rule 7: Only + time → Not until
He arrived only at night.
→ He did not arrive until night.
তবে context অনুযায়ী sentence structure পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে।
Rule 8: Always → Never
যদি affirmative sentence-এ always থাকে এবং অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রেখে negative করতে হয়:
He always tells the truth.
→ He never tells a lie.
He always remembers me.
→ He never forgets me.
এখানে opposite verb ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Formula:
always + positive verb
→ never + opposite verb
Rule 9: Always → Never fail to
He always helps me.
→ He never fails to help me.
She always comes here.
→ She never fails to come here.
এতে “সবসময় করে” অর্থটি বজায় থাকে।
Rule 10: Everybody/Everyone → Nobody/No one
Everybody loves flowers.
→ There is nobody who does not love flowers.
Everyone respects him.
→ There is no one who does not respect him.
এটি একটু formal transformation।
Rule 11: Every → There is no … who does not
Every mother loves her child.
→ There is no mother who does not love her child.
Every student respects the teacher.
→ There is no student who does not respect the teacher.
Rule 12: Everybody/Everyone → No one … not
Everyone knows him.
→ There is no one who does not know him.
Everybody likes flowers.
→ There is nobody who does not like flowers.
Rule 13: All → No … not
All men are mortal.
→ There are no men who are not mortal.
All students were present.
→ There were no students who were not present.
Rule 14: Both … and → Not … either
Both Rahim and Karim were present.
→ Neither Rahim nor Karim was absent.
এটি পরীক্ষায় খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
Pattern:
Both A and B + positive verb
→ Neither A nor B + opposite verb
Rule 15: Both → Neither
Both boys are intelligent.
→ Neither boy is unintelligent.
Both answers are correct.
→ Neither answer is incorrect.
Rule 16: Either…or → Neither…nor
অর্থের সামঞ্জস্য রেখে:
Either Rahim or Karim will come.
এটিকে সরাসরি negative করলে অর্থ পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে। তাই transformation প্রশ্নে পুরো context দেখতে হবে।
Rule 17: And → Not … without
কিছু ক্ষেত্রে and-যুক্ত affirmative sentence-কে not … without দিয়ে negative করা যায়।
Work hard and you will succeed.
→ You will not succeed without working hard.
এখানে মূল শর্তের অর্থ বজায় থাকে।
Rule 18: As soon as → No sooner … than
এটি Negative Transformation-এর অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ rule।
Affirmative:
As soon as he saw the police, he ran away.
Negative:
No sooner had he seen the police than he ran away.
Structure:
As soon as + Subject + V2…
→ No sooner had + Subject + V3 + than…
Rule 19: As soon as → Hardly … when
As soon as the teacher entered, the students became silent.
→ Hardly had the teacher entered when the students became silent.
Structure:
Hardly/Scarcely + had + subject + V3 + when + clause
Rule 20: As soon as → Scarcely … when
As soon as he reached home, it started raining.
→ Scarcely had he reached home when it started raining.
মনে রাখুন:
No sooner → than
Hardly → when
Scarcely → when
Rule 21: Too … to → So … that … cannot
এটি চাকরির পরীক্ষায় অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
Affirmative:
He is too weak to walk.
Negative:
He is so weak that he cannot walk.
আরেকটি:
The tea is too hot for me to drink.
→ The tea is so hot that I cannot drink it.
Formula:
too + adjective + to + verb
→ so + adjective + that + subject + cannot + verb
Rule 22: Too … to থাকলে cannot
He is too poor to buy the car.
→ He is so poor that he cannot buy the car.
He was too tired to walk.
→ He was so tired that he could not walk.
Rule 23: Too … for → so … that
The box is too heavy for me to carry.
→ The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
Rule 24: Must → cannot but
কিছু ক্ষেত্রে:
We must obey our parents.
→ We cannot but obey our parents.
অর্থ: আমরা আমাদের বাবা-মাকে মানা ছাড়া পারি না।
Pattern:
must + V1
→ cannot but + V1
Rule 25: Cannot but → Affirmative must
We cannot but obey the law.
→ We must obey the law.
Rule 26: Always → Never … without
He always goes there with his friend.
→ He never goes there without his friend.
He always carries an umbrella.
→ He never goes out without carrying an umbrella.
Rule 27: Every day → There is no day when … not
He visits me every day.
→ There is no day when he does not visit me.
Rule 28: Everywhere → Nowhere … not
Flowers are found everywhere.
→ Flowers are found nowhere where they are not …
এই construction awkward হতে পারে। পরীক্ষায় context অনুযায়ী:
He is welcomed everywhere.
→ There is nowhere where he is not welcomed.
Rule 29: Everyone → No one … without
Everyone admires him.
→ There is no one who does not admire him.
Rule 30: Many → Not a few
Many people attended the meeting.
→ Not a few people attended the meeting.
অর্থ: অনেক মানুষ।
Rule 31: A few → Not a few
A few students were present.
→ Not a few students were present.
তবে context অনুযায়ী a few এবং not a few-এর nuance আলাদা হতে পারে। পরীক্ষায় ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে সতর্ক থাকতে হবে।
Rule 32: Much → Not a little
He has much knowledge.
→ He has not a little knowledge.
অর্থ: তার যথেষ্ট/অনেক জ্ঞান আছে।
Rule 33: A lot of → Not a little / not a few
Countable:
A lot of students came.
→ Not a few students came.
Uncountable:
He has a lot of money.
→ He has not a little money.
Rule 34: Very few → Not many
Very few people know the truth.
→ Not many people know the truth.
Rule 35: Few → Not many
Few people attended the meeting.
→ Not many people attended the meeting.
Rule 36: Little → Not much
He has little money.
→ He has not much money.
⚠️ এখানে অর্থের সূক্ষ্ম পার্থক্য থাকতে পারে। little = খুব সামান্য, not much = বেশি নয়।
Rule 37: Comparative Degree
Affirmative comparative sentence-কে negative করার সময় বিপরীত comparative ব্যবহার করা যায়।
Rahim is taller than Karim.
→ Karim is not as tall as Rahim.
Rule 38: Comparative + than → not as … as
Karim is shorter than Rahim.
→ Karim is not as tall as Rahim.
Rule 39: Superlative → Comparative Negative
Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.
→ No other city in Bangladesh is larger than Dhaka.
এটি পরীক্ষার অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ transformation।
Pattern:
Subject + is + the + superlative + noun
→ No other + noun + is + comparative + than + subject.
Rule 40: Superlative → No other
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
→ No other mountain in the world is higher than Mount Everest.
Rule 41: Superlative → Nobody
Person-এর ক্ষেত্রে:
Rahim is the best student in the class.
→ Nobody in the class is better than Rahim.
Rule 42: One of the best → Very few
Dhaka is one of the largest cities in Bangladesh.
→ Very few cities in Bangladesh are as large as Dhaka.
অথবা comparative structure:
Very few cities in Bangladesh are larger than Dhaka.
Rule 43: As … as → Not less … than
Rahim is as intelligent as Karim.
→ Rahim is not less intelligent than Karim.
তবে formal পরীক্ষার transformation-এ context অনুযায়ী ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Rule 44: As … as → Not more … than
যেখানে অর্থ সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ:
Karim is as tall as Rahim.
→ Karim is not more tall than Rahim ❌
এই ধরনের বাক্যে not more সবসময় natural নয়। তাই not less/not … than ব্যবহারে অর্থ যাচাই করা জরুরি।
Rule 45: Only–এর বিপরীত structure
Person:
Only Rahim can solve the problem.
→ None but Rahim can solve the problem.
Thing:
He eats only vegetables.
→ He eats nothing but vegetables.
Number:
He has only five books.
→ He has not more than five books.
Rule 46: Without দিয়ে Negative
If you do not work hard, you cannot succeed.
Affirmative form:
Without working hard, you cannot succeed.
আবার:
He cannot live without water.
→ Water is essential for his life.
Rule 47: Unless
Negative clause-এর equivalent:
If you do not work hard, you will fail.
→ Unless you work hard, you will fail.
Formula:
If + subject + do/does/did not…
→ Unless + affirmative verb…
Rule 48: Unless–কে If not করা
Unless you study, you will fail.
→ If you do not study, you will fail.
Rule 49: Without ↔ If … not
Without working hard, you cannot succeed.
→ If you do not work hard, you cannot succeed.
Rule 50: Needless to say
এটি negative sense প্রকাশ করতে পারে:
Needless to say, he is honest.
অর্থ: বলা নিষ্প্রয়োজন যে সে সৎ।
Transformation প্রশ্নে context অনুযায়ী ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Rule 51: Few বনাম A few
এটি খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
A few = কিছু
A few students came.
Negative equivalent:
Not many students came.
Few = খুব কম
Few students came.
→ Not many students came.
কিন্তু a few-এর অর্থ ইতিবাচক, আর few-এর অর্থ নেতিবাচক/অপ্রতুল—তাই সরাসরি interchange করার সময় সতর্ক থাকতে হবে।
Rule 52: Little বনাম A little
A little
He has a little money.
অর্থ: তার কিছু টাকা আছে।
Little
He has little money.
অর্থ: তার খুব কম টাকা আছে।
Rule 53: All → Not … all
কিছু context-এ:
All students are not present.
⚠️ এটি ambiguous।
অর্থ যদি হয় “সবাই উপস্থিত নয়”, তবে ভালো:
Not all students are present.
Transformation-এ not all এবং none এক নয়।
Rule 54: Both → Not … either
Both answers are correct.
→ Neither answer is incorrect.
এখানে:
both correct → neither incorrect
Rule 55: Everybody → Nobody … not
Everybody likes flowers.
→ Nobody dislikes flowers.
এটি সবচেয়ে সংক্ষিপ্ত transformation।
Rule 56: Positive Verb → Negative Opposite Verb
He remembers me.
→ He does not forget me.
He accepts my proposal.
→ He does not reject my proposal.
He obeys his parents.
→ He does not disobey his parents.
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Opposite pairs:
| Affirmative | Negative |
| remember | not forget |
| accept | not reject |
| obey | not disobey |
| agree | not disagree |
| appear | not disappear |
| possible | not impossible |
| honest | not dishonest |
| regular | not irregular |
| useful | not useless |
| certain | not uncertain |
| satisfied | not dissatisfied |
| careful | not careless |
| successful | not unsuccessful |
Rule 57: Be + adjective
He is brave.
→ He is not cowardly.
She is kind.
→ She is not unkind.
He is careful.
→ He is not careless.
Rule 58: Present Simple-এ Negative
Affirmative:
He plays football.
Negative:
He does not play football.
Rule:
He/She/It + V1+s → does not + V1
Rule 59: I/We/You/They
They play football.
→ They do not play football.
I know him.
→ I do not know him.
Rule 60: Past Simple
He went there.
→ He did not go there.
⚠️ did not হলে মূল verb আবার V1 হবে।
❌ did not went
✅ did not go
Rule 61: Be Verb
He is happy.
→ He is not happy.
They are ready.
→ They are not ready.
He was present.
→ He was not present.
Rule 62: Modal Verb
He can swim.
→ He cannot swim.
You should go.
→ You should not go.
He will come.
→ He will not come.
We must obey the law.
→ We must not disobey the law.
পরীক্ষার জন্য সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Transformation Chart
| Affirmative | Negative |
| only Rahim | none but Rahim |
| only money | nothing but money |
| only five | not more than five |
| always | never |
| always helps | never fails to help |
| everyone | nobody … not |
| every | no … not |
| both | neither |
| many | not a few |
| few | not many |
| much | not a little |
| little | not much |
| too…to | so…that…cannot |
| as soon as | no sooner…than |
| as soon as | hardly…when |
| as soon as | scarcely…when |
| must | cannot but |
| superlative | no other + comparative |
| one of the best | very few … as … as |
| positive adjective | not + opposite adjective |
| if…not | unless |
| without | if…not |
⭐ ১০টি পরীক্ষামূলক উদাহরণ
১.
Affirmative:
He is an honest man.
Negative:
He is not a dishonest man.
২.
Affirmative:
Only Rahim can do the work.
Negative:
None but Rahim can do the work.
৩.
Affirmative:
He has only ten taka.
Negative:
He has not more than ten taka.
৪.
Affirmative:
He is too weak to walk.
Negative:
He is so weak that he cannot walk.
৫.
Affirmative:
As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
Negative:
No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
৬.
Affirmative:
Rahim is the best boy in the class.
Negative:
No other boy in the class is better than Rahim.
৭.
Affirmative:
Everyone respects him.
Negative:
Nobody fails to respect him.
৮.
Affirmative:
He always remembers me.
Negative:
He never forgets me.
৯.
Affirmative:
All men are mortal.
Negative:
There are no men who are not mortal.
১০.
Affirmative:
He must obey his parents.
Negative:
He cannot but obey his parents.
🎯 চাকরির পরীক্ষার জন্য সবচেয়ে আগে মুখস্থ করুন
Only → None but / Nothing but / Not more than
Always → Never / Never fails to
Everyone → Nobody … not
Every → No … not
Both → Neither
Many → Not a few
Few → Not many
Much → Not a little
Little → Not much
Too…to → So…that…cannot
As soon as → No sooner…than / Hardly…when / Scarcely…when
Superlative → No other + comparative
Must → Cannot but
If…not → Unless
Without → If…not
Positive adjective → Not + opposite adjective