Romantic Age (1798–1832)

Romantic Age (1798–1832): Complete Lecture Sheet — Part–1

১. Romantic Age কী?

Romantic Age হলো English Literature-এর এমন একটি যুগ, যেখানে reason, rules, artificiality ও classical tradition-এর পরিবর্তে imagination, emotion, nature, freedom এবং individual experience বেশি গুরুত্ব পায়।

এই যুগে কবিতা ও সাহিত্যে মানুষের অনুভূতি, প্রকৃতি, কল্পনা এবং স্বাধীনতার আকাঙ্ক্ষা প্রধান হয়ে ওঠে।

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২. Romantic Age-এর সময়কাল

1798–1832

শুরু

1798

শেষ

1832

Beginning Event

Lyrical Ballads

Major Ending Event

Death of Sir Walter Scott / Reform Act 1832-কে যুগান্তরের গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সীমারেখা হিসেবে ধরা হয়।

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৩. 1798 কেন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ?

1798 সালে প্রকাশিত হয়—

Lyrical Ballads

Authors

William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge

এটি Romantic Movement-এর সূচনার প্রধান landmark হিসেবে বিবেচিত।

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৪. 1832 কেন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ?

1832 সালে—

The Great Reform Act

পাস হয়।

এছাড়া 1832 সালে Sir Walter Scott মারা যান।

এই সময়ের পর Victorian Age-এর দিকে English literature অগ্রসর হয়।

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৫. Romantic Age-এর প্রধান কবি

Six Major Romantic Poets

First Generation

1. William Wordsworth
2. S. T. Coleridge

Second Generation

3. Lord Byron
4. Percy Bysshe Shelley
5. John Keats

Other Major Writer

6. William Blake

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৬. Romantic Poets — Easy Formula

W–C–B–S–K–B

W → Wordsworth
C → Coleridge
B → Byron
S → Shelley
K → Keats
B → Blake

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৭. Romantic Age-এর Historical Background

Romantic Movement হঠাৎ সৃষ্টি হয়নি।

এর পেছনে ছিল—

প্রধান ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা

1. French Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution
3. American Revolution
4. Growth of Democracy
5. Expansion of Individual Liberty
6. Reaction against Classical Tradition
7. Rise of Revolutionary Ideas

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৮. French Revolution

শুরু

1789

Famous Slogan

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

অর্থাৎ—

• স্বাধীনতা
• সাম্য
• ভ্রাতৃত্ব

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৯. French Revolution-এর প্রভাব

French Revolution Romantic poets-দের ওপর ব্যাপক প্রভাব ফেলে।

প্রধান প্রভাব

• Freedom
• Equality
• Democracy
• Individual liberty
• Opposition to tyranny
• Revolutionary spirit

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১০. Wordsworth এবং French Revolution

Wordsworth প্রথমদিকে French Revolution-এর আদর্শে গভীরভাবে অনুপ্রাণিত হন।

তাঁর মধ্যে জন্ম নেয়—

• Democratic spirit
• Love of liberty
• Hope for humanity

পরবর্তীতে Revolution-এর সহিংসতা তাঁকে হতাশ করে।

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১১. Coleridge এবং French Revolution

Coleridge-ও French Revolution-এর ideals দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হন।

তাঁদের প্রাথমিক Romantic poetry-তে—

Freedom + Revolution + Nature + Human sympathy

দেখা যায়।

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১২. Shelley এবং Revolution

Shelley ছিলেন Romantic poets-এর মধ্যে সবচেয়ে শক্তিশালী revolutionary poet-দের একজন।

তাঁর poetry-তে—

• Freedom
• Revolution
• Political oppression
• Social justice

বারবার এসেছে।

Important Work

The Mask of Anarchy

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১৩. Byron এবং Revolution

Lord Byron ছিলেন—

• Individualistic
• Revolutionary
• Freedom-loving

তিনি Greek independence-এর পক্ষে কাজ করেন।

Important Fact

Byron died in Greece in 1824.

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১৪. Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution Britain-এর সামাজিক ও অর্থনৈতিক কাঠামো পরিবর্তন করে।

প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য

• Factory system
• Machine production
• Urbanization
• Population growth
• New working class
• Poverty
• Pollution
• Child labour

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১৫. Industrial Revolution-এর Literary Impact

Industrialization-এর ফলে—

একদিকে

• Scientific progress
• Economic growth
• New technology

অন্যদিকে

• Poverty
• Exploitation
• Pollution
• Social inequality

Romantic poets বিশেষত Nature-এর ধ্বংস নিয়ে উদ্বিগ্ন ছিলেন।

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১৬. Romanticism কী?

Definition

Romanticism হলো এমন একটি literary movement যেখানে imagination, emotion, nature, freedom, individualism এবং supernatural elements-এর ওপর গুরুত্ব দেওয়া হয়।

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১৭. Romanticism-এর মূল সূত্র

Emotion + Imagination + Nature + Freedom

এই চারটি Romanticism-এর মূল ভিত্তি।

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১৮. Neo-classicism বনাম Romanticism

Neo-classicism	Romanticism
Reason	Emotion
Rules	Freedom
Logic	Imagination
Artificial nature	Real nature
Classical tradition	Medieval/Rural tradition
Urban/elite life	Common people
Formality	Spontaneity
Wit	Feeling
Order	Individuality

Exam Formula

Neo-classicism = Reason

Romanticism = Emotion + Imagination

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১৯. Romantic Poetry-এর প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য

১. Love of Nature

Nature Romantic poetry-এর প্রাণ।

Major Poet

Wordsworth

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২. Imagination

Romantic poets imagination-কে creative power হিসেবে দেখেছেন।

Major Poet

Coleridge

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৩. Emotion

Romantic poetry-তে হৃদয়ের অনুভূতি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

Famous Principle

Wordsworth:

“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”

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২০. Individualism

Romantic poets ব্যক্তির—

• Freedom
• Emotion
• Experience
• Imagination

কে গুরুত্ব দিয়েছেন।

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২১. Subjectivity

Romantic poetry-তে poet-এর ব্যক্তিগত feelings ও experiences প্রকাশ পায়।

Example

Wordsworth’s poetry

তাঁর নিজের experiences প্রকৃতির সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত।

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২২. Supernaturalism

Romantic poetry-তে supernatural বা mysterious elements-এর ব্যবহার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

প্রধান কবি

S. T. Coleridge

Example

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

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২৩. Medievalism

Romantic poets Medieval history, legends ও Gothic atmosphere-এর প্রতি আকৃষ্ট হন।

Examples

• Medieval legends
• Knights
• Castles
• Supernatural stories

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২৪. Love of Freedom

Romantic poetry-তে—

Political freedom + Personal freedom + Artistic freedom

গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

Major Poet

Shelley

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২৫. Love of the Common Man

Romantic poets ordinary মানুষের জীবনকে সাহিত্যের বিষয় করেন।

Major Poet

Wordsworth

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২৬. Rural Life

Romantic poetry-তে শহরের artificial life-এর বদলে—

• Village
• Farmer
• Shepherd
• Children
• Rural people

গুরুত্ব পায়।

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২৭. Pantheism

Pantheism হলো—

God is present in Nature / God and Nature are closely identified.

Wordsworth-এর poetry-তে এর প্রভাব দেখা যায়।

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২৮. Escapism

Romantic poets অনেক সময় বাস্তব জীবনের সমস্যা থেকে—

• Nature
• Imagination
• Past
• Dream
• Art

এর জগতে আশ্রয় নেন।

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২৯. Exoticism

দূরবর্তী ও অজানা দেশ, সংস্কৃতি এবং পরিবেশের প্রতি আকর্ষণ।

Major Example

Byron

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৩০. Romantic Poetry-এর ভাষা

Wordsworth বিশেষভাবে ordinary language ব্যবহারের পক্ষে ছিলেন।

তিনি poetic diction-এর artificiality-এর বিরোধিতা করেন।

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৩১. Wordsworth-এর Poetry Theory

Wordsworth তাঁর Preface to Lyrical Ballads-এ Romantic poetry-এর গুরুত্বপূর্ণ principles ব্যাখ্যা করেন।

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৩২. Wordsworth-এর বিখ্যাত সংজ্ঞা

Poetry is—

“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”

কিন্তু এই feelings তৈরি হয়—

“emotion recollected in tranquillity.”

Exam Formula

Poetry = Powerful Feelings

Source = Emotion recollected in tranquillity

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৩৩. Wordsworth-এর মতে Poetry

Poetry-এর subject হওয়া উচিত—

• Common life
• Common people
• Simple language
• Nature
• Human emotions

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৩৪. Lyrical Ballads

Authors

Wordsworth + Coleridge

First Published

1798

Revised Edition

1800

Major Significance

এটিকে Romantic Movement-এর—

Manifesto

হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়।

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৩৫. Lyrical Ballads — Main Purpose

Wordsworth এবং Coleridge poetry-কে classical artificiality থেকে বের করে আনতে চেয়েছিলেন।

Wordsworth

Nature + Common Life

Coleridge

Supernatural + Imagination

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৩৬. Lyrical Ballads-এর 1800 Preface

1800 সালের edition-এর Preface অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

Author

William Wordsworth

Importance

Romantic poetic theory-এর অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ document।

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৩৭. Wordsworth-এর Major Works

Poetry

• Lyrical Ballads
• The Prelude
• Tintern Abbey
• I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
• Ode: Intimations of Immortality
• The Solitary Reaper
• Michael
• Lucy Poems

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৩৮. The Prelude

Author

William Wordsworth

Genre

Autobiographical poem

Theme

Poet-এর—

• Childhood
• Nature
• Mind
• Spiritual development

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৩৯. The Prelude-এর বিশেষ পরিচয়

এটি Wordsworth-এর—

“Poem on the growth of his own mind”

Exam Fact

The Prelude → Wordsworth → Autobiographical poem

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৪০. Tintern Abbey

Full Title

Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey

Author

Wordsworth

Published

1798

Theme

• Nature
• Memory
• Spiritual development
• Human mind

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৪১. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”

Author

Wordsworth

Also known as

Daffodils

Theme

Nature-এর সৌন্দর্য ও memory।

Famous Image

Golden daffodils

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৪২. Ode: Intimations of Immortality

Author

Wordsworth

Theme

• Childhood
• Memory
• Loss
• Immortality
• Spiritual vision

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৪৩. Wordsworth — Nature Poet

Wordsworth-কে বলা হয়—

Poet of Nature

তাঁর poetry-তে Nature শুধু background নয়।

Nature—

• Teacher
• Guide
• Healer
• Moral force
• Spiritual power

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৪৪. Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

জন্ম

1772

মৃত্যু

1834

Major Works

• The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
• Kubla Khan
• Christabel
• Biographia Literaria

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৪৫. Coleridge-এর পরিচয়

তাঁকে বলা হয়—

Poet of the Supernatural

কারণ তাঁর poetry-তে—

• Ghostly atmosphere
• Mystery
• Magic
• Dream
• Supernatural events

ব্যাপকভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।

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৪৬. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Author

S. T. Coleridge

Published

1798

Genre

Narrative / Supernatural poem

Main Character

Ancient Mariner

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৪৭. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner — Major Themes

• Sin
• Punishment
• Repentance
• Redemption
• Nature
• Supernaturalism

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৪৮. Albatross

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner-এর অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ symbol।

Mariner একটি—

Albatross

হত্যা করেন।

এর পর শুরু হয় তাঁর suffering।

Exam Shortcut

Albatross → Ancient Mariner → Coleridge

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৪৯. Kubla Khan

Author

Coleridge

Genre

Fragmentary Romantic poem

Theme

• Imagination
• Dream
• Mystery
• Supernaturalism

Famous Setting

Xanadu

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৫০. Christabel

Author

Coleridge

Genre

Gothic / supernatural poem.

Important

অসম্পূর্ণ poem।

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৫১. Biographia Literaria

Author

S. T. Coleridge

Published

1817

Genre

Literary criticism + autobiography + philosophy.

Importance

Romantic literary theory-এর অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ গ্রন্থ।

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৫২. Primary Imagination বনাম Secondary Imagination

Coleridge imagination-কে দুই ভাগে ভাগ করেন—

Primary Imagination

মানব মনের basic perceptive power।

Secondary Imagination

Creative artistic power।

Exam Formula

Primary → Perception

Secondary → Creation

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৫৩. Fancy বনাম Imagination

Coleridge-এর মতে—

Fancy

Mechanically combines existing images.

Imagination

Creates and transforms.

Important

Fancy = Mechanical

Imagination = Creative

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৫৪. Wordsworth বনাম Coleridge

Wordsworth	Coleridge
Nature	Supernatural
Common life	Extraordinary
Simple language	Imaginative language
Emotion	Imagination
Poet of Nature	Poet of Supernatural
The Prelude	Ancient Mariner
Daffodils	Kubla Khan

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৫৫. First Generation Romantic Poets

Wordsworth + Coleridge

Characteristics

• Nature
• Imagination
• Common life
• Supernatural
• French Revolution
• Childhood
• Memory

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৫৬. Second Generation Romantic Poets

Byron + Shelley + Keats

Characteristics

• Revolutionary spirit
• Beauty
• Freedom
• Individualism
• Imagination
• Passion
• Idealism

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৫৭. Second Generation — Quick Formula

B–S–K

B → Byron → Freedom

S → Shelley → Revolution

K → Keats → Beauty

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৫৮. William Blake

Blake-কে অনেক সময় Romantic Age-এর forerunner / precursor হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়।

জন্ম

1757

মৃত্যু

1827

Major Works

• Songs of Innocence
• Songs of Experience
• The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

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৫৯. Songs of Innocence

Theme

• Childhood
• Innocence
• Joy
• Faith

Famous Poems

The Lamb

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৬০. Songs of Experience

Theme

• Experience
• Suffering
• Social injustice
• Corruption

Famous Poem

The Tyger

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৬১. The Lamb বনাম The Tyger

The Lamb	The Tyger
Innocence	Experience
Gentle	Powerful
Childhood	Mature consciousness
Peace	Fear
Songs of Innocence	Songs of Experience

Exam Formula

Lamb → Innocence

Tyger → Experience

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৬২. Blake-এর Contraries

Blake বিশ্বাস করতেন—

Without Contraries is no progression.

তাঁর poetry-তে দেখা যায়—

• Innocence ↔ Experience
• Heaven ↔ Hell
• Joy ↔ Sorrow
• Good ↔ Evil

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৬৩. Romantic Age — Major Writers

Writer	Major Work	Identity
Wordsworth	The Prelude	Poet of Nature
Coleridge	Ancient Mariner	Poet of Supernatural
Blake	Songs of Innocence	Mystic/Pre-Romantic
Byron	Don Juan	Revolutionary
Shelley	Ode to the West Wind	Revolutionary Idealist
Keats	Ode to a Nightingale	Poet of Beauty

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৬৪. Important Literary Terms

Romanticism

Emotion + imagination + nature + freedom.

Pre-Romanticism

Romantic movement-এর পূর্ববর্তী literary tendency।

Nature Poetry

Nature-এর beauty ও spiritual significance নিয়ে poetry।

Supernaturalism

Ghost, magic, mystery ইত্যাদির ব্যবহার।

Pantheism

Nature-এর মধ্যে divine presence।

Individualism

Individual experience ও freedom-এর গুরুত্ব।

Medievalism

Medieval history, legends ও atmosphere-এর প্রতি আকর্ষণ।

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৬৫. Romantic Age — Important Dates

Year	Event
1789	French Revolution
1798	Lyrical Ballads
1800	Preface to Lyrical Ballads
1802	Revised Preface
1817	Biographia Literaria
1821	Shelley’s Adonais
1822	Shelley died
1824	Byron died
1827	Blake & Keats died
1832	Reform Act; conventional end of Romantic Age

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৬৭. 🔥 Very Important “Who → What?”

Question	Answer
Poet of Nature	Wordsworth
Poet of Supernatural	Coleridge
Pre-Romantic	William Blake
Revolutionary Poet	Shelley
Greek Independence	Byron
Poet of Beauty	Keats
Lyrical Ballads	Wordsworth & Coleridge
The Prelude	Wordsworth
Ancient Mariner	Coleridge
Kubla Khan	Coleridge
Songs of Innocence	Blake
Songs of Experience	Blake

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৬৮. 🔥 Romantic Age — Ultimate Memory Formula

1798 → LB → W + C

1798

↓

Lyrical Ballads

↓

Wordsworth + Coleridge

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Wordsworth → Nature

Wordsworth = Nature

Coleridge = Supernatural

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Blake → Innocence & Experience

Lamb → Innocence

Tyger → Experience

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B–S–K

Byron → Freedom

Shelley → Revolution

Keats → Beauty

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৬৯. 📌 Part–1 Final Revision

Romantic Age

1798–1832

Beginning

Lyrical Ballads (1798)

Main Historical Influence

French Revolution + Industrial Revolution

First Generation

Wordsworth + Coleridge

Second Generation

Byron + Shelley + Keats

Precursor

William Blake

Wordsworth

Nature + Emotion

Coleridge

Supernatural + Imagination

Blake

Innocence + Experience

Byron

Freedom + Revolution

Shelley

Idealism + Revolution

Keats

Beauty + Sensuousness

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Romantic Age (1798–1832): Complete Lecture Sheet — Part–2

William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge

১. William Wordsworth — পরিচয়

বিষয়	তথ্য
Born	7 April 1770
Died	23 April 1850
Nationality	English
Major Age	Romantic Age
Major Identity	Poet of Nature
Poet Laureate	1843

Wordsworth-এর প্রধান পরিচয়

“Poet of Nature”

তবে তাঁর poetry শুধু প্রকৃতির সৌন্দর্য নয়; প্রকৃতি মানুষের mind, emotion, morality and spirituality-এর সঙ্গে গভীরভাবে যুক্ত।

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২. Wordsworth-এর Literary Characteristics

তাঁর কবিতার প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য

• Nature
• Imagination
• Emotion
• Childhood
• Simplicity
• Common people
• Rural life
• Memory
• Spiritual development
• Individual experience

Shortcut:

N-I-E-C-S-C-R-M-S-I

Nature → Imagination → Emotion → Childhood → Simplicity → Common people → Rural life → Memory → Spirituality → Individuality

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৩. Wordsworth as the Poet of Nature

কেন Wordsworth-কে Poet of Nature বলা হয়?

Wordsworth-এর কাছে Nature—

• শুধু scenery নয়;
• মানুষের শিক্ষক;
• মানুষের moral guide;
• মানুষের companion;
• মানুষের spiritual force।

গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ধারণা

Nature → Teacher + Guide + Healer

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৪. Wordsworth-এর Nature Philosophy

Wordsworth মনে করতেন প্রকৃতি মানুষের চরিত্র গঠনে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করে।

Nature-এর ভূমিকা

Nature → Sense → Emotion → Memory → Moral Growth

অর্থাৎ—

প্রকৃতির দৃশ্য → অনুভূতি → মনে সঞ্চিত হয় → পরে স্মৃতিতে ফিরে আসে → মানুষের মানসিক ও নৈতিক উন্নতি ঘটায়।

---

৫. Wordsworth ও Childhood

Wordsworth-এর poetry-তে childhood অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

তাঁর ধারণা

শিশুর মধ্যে থাকে—

• innocence
• imagination
• closeness to nature
• spiritual vision

Famous Idea

“The child is father of the man.”

এটি My Heart Leaps Up কবিতার বিখ্যাত উক্তি।

---

PART-B: LYRICAL BALLADS

৬. Lyrical Ballads (1798)

Romantic Movement-এর সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বই

Authors

William Wordsworth + S. T. Coleridge

First Published

1798

Second Edition

1800

Importance

Lyrical Ballads-কে সাধারণত English Romantic Movement-এর সূচনাকারী landmark হিসেবে ধরা হয়।

---

৭. Lyrical Ballads-এর লক্ষ্য

Wordsworth ও Coleridge traditional poetic conventions থেকে সরে এসে—

• ordinary life;
• common people;
• nature;
• imagination;
• emotion

কে poetry-এর কেন্দ্রে নিয়ে আসেন।

---

৮. Lyrical Ballads-এর Division of Labour

Wordsworth-এর প্রধান কাজ ছিল—

ordinary life and nature

Coleridge-এর প্রধান কাজ ছিল—

supernatural and mysterious

Famous Formula

Wordsworth → Ordinary

Coleridge → Supernatural

এটি চাকরির পরীক্ষায় অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

---

৯. Wordsworth-এর Preface to Lyrical Ballads

Preface প্রথম প্রকাশিত হয় 1800 সালে এবং পরবর্তী সংস্করণে তা সম্প্রসারিত হয়।

এটি Romantic poetry-এর অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ theoretical document।

---

১০. Wordsworth-এর Poetry Definition

Wordsworth poetry সম্পর্কে বলেন—

“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”

কিন্তু বাক্যটির পরের অংশটিও খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ—

“It takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity.”

সহজ অর্থ

তীব্র অনুভূতি → মনে সঞ্চিত হয় → শান্ত অবস্থায় স্মরণ → Poetry সৃষ্টি।

Formula

Emotion → Recollection → Tranquillity → Poetry

---

১১. Wordsworth-এর Language Theory

Wordsworth সাধারণ মানুষের language-কে গুরুত্ব দিয়েছেন।

তাঁর মতে Poetry-এর language হওয়া উচিত—

• simple
• natural
• understandable
• close to ordinary speech

Exam Fact

Wordsworth opposed unnecessarily artificial poetic diction.

---

PART-C: MAJOR WORKS OF WORDSWORTH

১২. Wordsworth-এর প্রধান রচনা

Work	Type / Importance
Lyrical Ballads	Coleridge-এর সঙ্গে
The Prelude	Autobiographical poem
The Excursion	Long philosophical poem
Tintern Abbey	Nature & memory
Ode: Intimations of Immortality	Childhood & immortality
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud	Daffodils
The Solitary Reaper	Rural life
Michael	Rural tragedy
Lucy Poems	Nature & mortality
London, 1802	Milton
My Heart Leaps Up	Childhood & nature

---

১৩. The Prelude

Genre

Autobiographical / philosophical poem

Subject

Poet-এর নিজের—

• childhood;
• education;
• imagination;
• relationship with Nature;
• intellectual development।

Important Fact

The Prelude = Wordsworth’s autobiographical poem

---

১৪. Tintern Abbey

Full Title

Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey

Published

1798

Theme

• Nature
• Memory
• Spiritual development
• Childhood
• Maturity

Central Idea

শৈশবে Nature ছিল আনন্দের উৎস; পরিণত বয়সে Nature হয়ে ওঠে—

A source of moral and spiritual insight.

---

১৫. Tintern Abbey — Nature-এর তিন পর্যায়

Wordsworth-এর Nature experience-কে broadly তিনভাবে বোঝানো যায়—

Stage 1

Childhood → instinctive delight

Stage 2

Youth → sensual excitement

Stage 3

Maturity → spiritual & moral insight

Exam Shortcut

Child → Youth → Adult

Delight → Sensation → Wisdom

---

১৬. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

Popular Name

Daffodils

Theme

• Nature
• Beauty
• Memory
• Joy
• Imagination

Famous line

“A host, of golden daffodils”

Key Concept

বর্তমানে দেখা natural beauty পরে memory-তে ফিরে এসে আনন্দ দেয়।

---

১৭. My Heart Leaps Up

Famous line

“The Child is father of the Man.”

Theme

• Childhood
• Nature
• Continuity of life

Exam Fact

Child is father of the Man → Wordsworth

---

১৮. Ode: Intimations of Immortality

Full Title

Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood

Main Themes

• Childhood
• Memory
• Nature
• Immortality
• Loss of vision

Central Idea

শিশু পৃথিবীকে এক ধরনের spiritual vision দিয়ে দেখে; বড় হওয়ার সঙ্গে সঙ্গে সেই vision ক্ষীণ হয়ে যায়।

---

১৯. Lucy Poems

Major Poems

• She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways
• Strange Fits of Passion Have I Known
• Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower
• A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
• I Travelled among Unknown Men

Lucy-এর বৈশিষ্ট্য

• Nature
• Beauty
• Simplicity
• Death
• Mystery

---

PART-D: S. T. COLERIDGE

২০. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)

বিষয়	তথ্য
Born	21 October 1772
Died	25 July 1834
Nationality	English
Major Identity	Romantic poet & critic
Known For	Supernatural poetry

Major Identity

Poet of the Supernatural

---

২১. Coleridge-এর Literary Characteristics

• Supernatural
• Imagination
• Mystery
• Medieval atmosphere
• Psychological elements
• Symbolism
• Dream
• Gothic atmosphere

---

২২. Coleridge-এর Major Works

Work	Importance
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner	Supernatural ballad
Kubla Khan	Imagination / dream
Christabel	Gothic / supernatural
Biographia Literaria	Literary criticism
Frost at Midnight	Conversation poem
Dejection: An Ode	Psychological poetry

---

PART-E: THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER

২৩. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Published

1798 — Lyrical Ballads

Genre

Narrative / supernatural ballad

Main Character

The Ancient Mariner

---

২৪. Major Characters

Character	Role
Ancient Mariner	Main narrator
Wedding Guest	Listener
Albatross	Symbolic bird
Death	Supernatural figure
Life-in-Death	Supernatural figure

---

২৫. The Albatross

ymbolic Meaning

Albatross can represent—

• Nature
• Innocence
• Divine creation
• Spiritual responsibility

Mariner-এর albatross হত্যা করার পর শুরু হয় তার suffering।

---

২৬. Major Themes of Ancient Mariner

১. Sin

Mariner kills the Albatross.

২. Punishment

He suffers supernatural punishment.

৩. Redemption

He learns to love God’s creation.

৪. Nature

Nature must be respected.

৫. Supernatural

Ghostly and mysterious events dominate the poem.

---

২৭. Famous Line

“Water, water, every where”

Context

Mariner is surrounded by seawater but cannot drink it.

Meaning

Abundance without usefulness.

---

২৮. Another Important Quote

“He prayeth best, who loveth best”

Central Message

All living creatures should be loved.

---

PART-F: KUBLA KHAN

২৯. Kubla Khan

Genre

Visionary / fragmentary poem.

Subject

Xanadu

Major Themes

• Imagination
• Creativity
• Dream
• Supernatural
• Artistic inspiration

---

৩০. Famous Opening

“In Xanadu did Kubla Khan”

Exam Fact

Xanadu → Kubla Khan → Coleridge

---

৩১. Kubla Khan-এর বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য

• Dream-like atmosphere
• Exotic imagery
• Musical language
• Supernatural elements
• Fragmentary structure

Important

Coleridge described the poem as a fragment.

---

PART-G: CHRISTABEL

৩২. Christabel

Genre

Gothic / supernatural poem

Main Characters

• Christabel
• Geraldine

Themes

• Mystery
• Supernatural
• Good vs evil
• Psychological fear

Exam Fact

Christabel → Coleridge

---

PART-H: BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA

৩৩. Biographia Literaria (1817)

Genre

Literary criticism + autobiography

Importance

Romantic literary theory বোঝার জন্য অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

---

৩৪. Primary Imagination

Coleridge-এর মতে Primary Imagination হলো—

মানুষের perception-এর মৌলিক ক্ষমতা।

সহজভাবে

আমরা পৃথিবীকে যেভাবে perceive করি—তার fundamental mental power হলো Primary Imagination।

---

৩৫. Secondary Imagination

Secondary Imagination হলো—

• creative;
• conscious;
• artistic;
• transformative।

Artist-এর imagination

Poet বা artist বাস্তব অভিজ্ঞতাকে নতুন artistic form দেয়।

---

৩৬. Fancy vs Imagination

Fancy	Imagination
Mechanical	Creative
Memory-based	Transformative
Combines existing images	Recreates experience
Less powerful	More powerful

Exam Shortcut

Fancy = Mechanical

Imagination = Creative

---

৩৭. Wordsworth vs Coleridge

Wordsworth	Coleridge
Poet of Nature	Poet of Supernatural
Ordinary life	Supernatural world
Simple language	Rich imaginative language
Emotion	Imagination
Rural life	Mystery
Tintern Abbey	Ancient Mariner
Prelude	Kubla Khan

---

৩৮. Wordsworth & Coleridge — Lyrical Ballads

Wordsworth	Coleridge
Ordinary	Supernatural
Common people	Extraordinary events
Nature	Mystery
Simple language	Imaginative language
Psychological truth	Supernatural credibility

One-Line Shortcut

Wordsworth makes the ordinary interesting; Coleridge makes the supernatural believable.

---

PART-I: IMPORTANT QUOTES

৩৯. Wordsworth

“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”

→ Wordsworth

“Emotion recollected in tranquillity.”

→ Wordsworth

“The Child is father of the Man.”

→ My Heart Leaps Up

---

৪০. Coleridge

“He prayeth best, who loveth best”

→ The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

“Water, water, every where”

→ The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

“In Xanadu did Kubla Khan”

→ Kubla Khan

---

PART-J: IMPORTANT LITERARY TERMS

Term	Associated With
Poet of Nature	Wordsworth
Poet of the Supernatural	Coleridge
Spontaneous Overflow	Wordsworth
Emotion Recollected in Tranquillity	Wordsworth
Primary Imagination	Coleridge
Secondary Imagination	Coleridge
Fancy	Coleridge
Lyrical Ballads	Wordsworth & Coleridge
Dramatic Supernatural	Coleridge
Simple Language	Wordsworth

---

PART-K: IMPORTANT DATES

Year	Event
1770	Wordsworth born
1772	Coleridge born
1798	Lyrical Ballads
1800	Preface to Lyrical Ballads
1817	Biographia Literaria
1834	Coleridge died
1843	Wordsworth became Poet Laureate
1850	Wordsworth died

---

---

🧠 PART-M: SUPER IMPORTANT MATCHING

Column A	Column B
Wordsworth	Nature
Coleridge	Supernatural
Lyrical Ballads	Wordsworth & Coleridge
Tintern Abbey	Wordsworth
The Prelude	Wordsworth
Daffodils	Wordsworth
Ancient Mariner	Coleridge
Kubla Khan	Coleridge
Christabel	Coleridge
Biographia Literaria	Coleridge

---

🔥 PART-N: EXAM TRAPS

Trap 1

Poet of Nature → Wordsworth
Not Coleridge.

Trap 2

Poet of Supernatural → Coleridge

Trap 3

Daffodils → Wordsworth

Trap 4

Ancient Mariner → Coleridge

Trap 5

Primary/Secondary Imagination → Coleridge

Trap 6

Emotion recollected in tranquillity → Wordsworth

Trap 7

Lyrical Ballads → Both Wordsworth & Coleridge

Trap 8

The Prelude → Wordsworth

Trap 9

Biographia Literaria → Coleridge

---

⚡ PART-O: ONE-MINUTE FINAL REVISION

WORDSWORTH

1770–1850

↓

Poet of Nature

↓

Lyrical Ballads — 1798

↓

Preface — 1800

↓

Poetry = Spontaneous Overflow

↓

Emotion Recollected in Tranquillity

↓

The Prelude = Autobiographical Poem

↓

Tintern Abbey = Nature + Memory

↓

Daffodils = I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

↓

Child is Father of the Man

---

COLERIDGE

1772–1834

↓

Poet of Supernatural

↓

Lyrical Ballads — 1798

↓

Ancient Mariner

↓

Kubla Khan

↓

Christabel

↓

Biographia Literaria

↓

Primary Imagination

↓

Secondary Imagination

↓

Fancy vs Imagination

---

🎯 ROMANTIC AGE — PART–2 MASTER CHART

Writer	Identity	Major Work	Key Concept
William Wordsworth	Poet of Nature	The Prelude	Nature
Wordsworth	Romantic theorist	Preface to Lyrical Ballads	Emotion
Wordsworth	Nature poet	Tintern Abbey	Memory
Wordsworth	Lyric poet	Daffodils	Nature & Joy
S. T. Coleridge	Poet of Supernatural	Ancient Mariner	Supernatural
Coleridge	Imagination theorist	Biographia Literaria	Imagination
Coleridge	Visionary poet	Kubla Khan	Dream
Coleridge	Gothic poet	Christabel	Mystery

---

Romantic Age (1798–1832): Complete Lecture Sheet (Part–3)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834): Complete Notes for BCS, NTRCA, Bank & University

১. Samuel Taylor Coleridge — Introduction

পরিচয়

|
বিষয়

|

তথ্য

|
| — | — |
|

Full Name

|

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

|
|

Born

|

21 October 1772

|
|

Died

|

25 July 1834

|
|

Birthplace

|

Ottery St Mary, Devon, England

|
|

Age

|

Romantic Age

|
|

Generation

|

First Generation Romantic Poet

|
|

Profession

|

Poet, Critic, Philosopher

|

Literary Identity

• Poet of the Supernatural
• Romantic Critic
• Philosopher
• Essayist

Exam Fact: Coleridge is known as the Poet of the Supernatural.

২. Coleridge-এর সাহিত্যিক পরিচয়

কেন তাঁকে Poet of the Supernatural বলা হয়?

তাঁর কবিতায় দেখা যায়—

• Ghost
• Spirits
• Mystery
• Magic
• Dream
• Vision
• Gothic atmosphere
• Supernatural events

উদাহরণ

• The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
• Kubla Khan
• Christabel

৩. Coleridge-এর Literary Characteristics

প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য

৪. Major Works of Coleridge

৫. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798)

পরিচয়

|
বিষয়

|

তথ্য

|
| — | — |
|

Published

|

1798

|
|

Collection

|

Lyrical Ballads

|
|

Genre

|

Narrative Poem / Supernatural Ballad

|
|

Central Character

|

Ancient Mariner

|

Romantic Age-এর সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ supernatural poem।

Plot Summary

একজন বৃদ্ধ নাবিক (Ancient Mariner) এক Wedding Guest-কে তাঁর ভয়ঙ্কর সমুদ্রযাত্রার গল্প বলেন।

ঘটনার শুরু হয় যখন তিনি একটি Albatross হত্যা করেন।

এরপর শুরু হয়—

• Curse
• Supernatural punishment
• Loneliness
• Repentance
• Redemption

Important Characters

৬. Albatross — Most Important Symbol

4

Symbolism

Albatross symbolizes—

• Innocence
• Nature
• Blessing
• Divine protection

After Killing Albatross

The sailors hang the dead bird around the Mariner’s neck.

Meaning

Burden of Sin

Exam Fact: Albatross is the most important symbol in the poem.

৭. Themes of Ancient Mariner

Major Themes

• Sin
• Punishment
• Repentance
• Redemption
• Nature
• Supernaturalism
• Isolation
• Spiritual awakening

Moral Lesson

Love all creatures created by God.

Famous Ending

The Mariner learns—

Love for all living things brings redemption.

৮. Supernatural Elements

Examples include:

• Ghost ship
• Spirits
• Curse
• Life-in-Death
• Dead sailors
• Voices from heaven

৯. Famous Lines from Ancient Mariner

Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.

Meaning

Surrounded by sea water but unable to drink.

Highly important BCS/NTRCA line.

১০. Symbolism Chart

১১. Kubla Khan (1797/1816)

পরিচয়

|
বিষয়

|

তথ্য

|
| — | — |
|

Published

|

1816

|
|

Genre

|

Dream Poem

|
|

Setting

|

Xanadu

|

Background

Coleridge claimed the poem came after an opium-induced dream.

He woke up and wrote only part of it.

Therefore

Kubla Khan is an unfinished / fragmentary poem.

১২. Xanadu

Famous Place

Xanadu

Built by Kubla Khan.

Represents

• Beauty
• Imagination
• Artistic creation
• Mystery

১৩. Themes of Kubla Khan

• Imagination
• Creativity
• Dream
• Nature
• Mystery
• Art
• Supernatural power

১৪. Important Symbols in Kubla Khan

১৫. Christabel

Genre

Gothic Romantic Poem

Published

1816

Important Characters

Themes

• Good vs Evil
• Supernatural temptation
• Innocence
• Mystery

১৬. Frost at Midnight

Genre

Conversation poem.

Theme

• Nature
• Childhood
• Education
• Fatherhood
• Spiritual growth

১৭. Conversation Poems

Coleridge created a special poetic form called—

Conversation Poems

Examples

• Frost at Midnight
• This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison
• The Nightingale
• Dejection: An Ode

Features

• Personal reflection.
• Nature.
• Meditation.

১৮. Dejection: An Ode

Theme

• Depression
• Loss of imagination
• Emotional suffering
• Nature

Important Idea

True joy comes from within the mind.

১৯. Coleridge as Literary Critic

Most Important Work

Biographia Literaria

Published:

1817

Importance

• Romantic criticism.
• Literary philosophy.
• Theory of imagination.
• Shakespeare criticism.

২০. Biographia Literaria — Main Topics

• Imagination.
• Fancy.
• Poetry.
• Shakespeare.
• Wordsworth’s poetry.

২১. Primary Imagination

Definition

Primary imagination is—

The living power of human perception.

Characteristics

• Natural.
• Universal.
• Everyone possesses it.

Shortcut

Primary = Perception

২২. Secondary Imagination

Definition

Creative imagination used by artists and poets.

Characteristics

• Creative.
• Transformative.
• Conscious artistic activity.

Shortcut

Secondary = Creation

২৩. Fancy vs Imagination

One of the most important job exam topics

Exam Formula

Fancy = Mechanical

Imagination = Creative

২৪. Coleridge’s Theory of Poetry

Poetry should—

• Unite imagination and emotion.
• Reveal deeper truth.
• Transform reality into art.

২৫. Coleridge vs Wordsworth

২৬. Coleridge’s Important Literary Terms

২৭. Coleridge’s Important Works Summary

২৮. Important Dates

২৯. 50 Important MCQs

General MCQs

Ancient Mariner MCQs

Kubla Khan MCQs

Literary Theory MCQs

৩০. Previous BCS/NTRCA Important Facts

৩১. One-Minute Final Revision

Poet of the Supernatural → Samuel Taylor Coleridge

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner → Sin, Punishment, Redemption

Albatross → Symbol of Nature & Innocence

Kubla Khan → Dream Poem, Xanadu

Christabel → Gothic Supernatural Poem

Biographia Literaria → Romantic Literary Criticism (1817)

Primary Imagination → Perception

Secondary Imagination → Creative Artistic Power

Fancy → Mechanical Combination of Images

Conversation Poems → Frost at Midnight, Dejection: An Ode

Romantic Age (1798–1832): Complete Lecture Sheet (Part–4)

Lord Byron (1788–1824): Complete Notes for BCS, NTRCA, Bank & University Admission

১. Lord Byron — Introduction

পরিচয়

Literary Identity

• Revolutionary Poet
• Poet of Liberty
• Satirical Poet
• Creator of the Byronic Hero

২. Lord Byron-এর সাহিত্যিক পরিচয়

তাঁকে বলা হয়—

• Poet of Liberty
• Revolutionary Romantic Poet
• Creator of the Byronic Hero

Byron-এর কবিতার মূল বৈশিষ্ট্য

• Freedom
• Rebellion
• Passion
• Heroism
• Satire
• Exoticism
• Individualism

৩. Byron-এর জীবন

জন্মস্থান

London, England

Education

Trinity College, Cambridge

Residence

Newstead Abbey

Travels

Byron ভ্রমণ করেন—

• Portugal
• Spain
• Albania
• Greece
• Turkey
• Italy

এই ভ্রমণ তাঁর কবিতাকে গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত করে।

৪. Byron এবং Greek Independence

অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ

Byron Greece-এর স্বাধীনতার জন্য লড়াই করেন।

Greek War of Independence

1821–1829

Byron’s Role

• অর্থ সাহায্য করেন।
• সৈন্য সংগঠিত করেন।
• Missolonghi-তে অবস্থান করেন।

মৃত্যু

Missolonghi, Greece (1824)

Exam Fact: Byron died in Greece, supporting Greek independence.

৫. Byron-এর Major Works

৬. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

পরিচয়

Main Character

Childe Harold

Theme

• Travel
• Nature
• Freedom
• Melancholy
• Civilization
• History

৭. Childe Harold — Importance

Byron became famous overnight after publishing this poem.

Famous Quote

“I awoke one morning and found myself famous.”

এটি Childe Harold প্রকাশের পর Byron-এর মন্তব্য।

Exam Fact

Childe Harold made Byron famous.

৮. Don Juan

পরিচয়

Don Juan — Central Character

Don Juan

কিন্তু Byron traditional Don Juan legend উল্টে দেন।

Traditional Don Juan

Womanizer.

Byron’s Don Juan

Young, innocent hero who is seduced by women.

৯. Themes of Don Juan

• Satire
• Love
• Society
• Politics
• War
• Hypocrisy
• Human nature

Why Don Juan is Important?

• Greatest satirical poem of Romantic Age.
• Criticizes European society.
• Criticizes politics and morality.

১০. Don Juan — Form

Written in

Ottava Rima

Structure

• 8 lines
• Iambic pentameter

Rhyme Scheme

abababcc

Exam Fact: Don Juan is written in Ottava Rima.

১১. Ottava Rima

Important

Ottava Rima originally came from Italian poetry.

১২. Byronic Hero

Most Important Exam Topic

Definition

Byronic Hero হলো Byron-এর কবিতায় দেখা এক বিশেষ ধরনের নায়ক।

Characteristics

• Proud
• Rebellious
• Intelligent
• Passionate
• Lonely
• Mysterious
• Melancholic
• Independent
• Defiant

১৩. Characteristics of Byronic Hero

১৪. Examples of Byronic Hero

১৫. Manfred

Genre

Dramatic Poem.

Theme

• Guilt
• Pride
• Supernatural
• Isolation

Hero

Manfred

একজন আদর্শ Byronic Hero।

১৬. Cain

Genre

Biblical dramatic poem.

Theme

• Rebellion
• Free will
• Religion
• Knowledge

১৭. The Prisoner of Chillon

Based On

Real historical figure:

François Bonivard

Theme

• Freedom
• Imprisonment
• Hope
• Resistance

১৮. She Walks in Beauty

Most Famous Lyric

Theme

• Beauty
• Harmony
• Purity
• Love

Famous Opening

She walks in beauty, like the night

Important Symbol

Night represents peaceful beauty.

১৯. The Corsair

Hero

Conrad

Theme

• Pirate life
• Freedom
• Passion
• Adventure

Hero Type

Byronic Hero.

২০. Lara

Theme

• Mystery
• Guilt
• Pride
• Isolation

Another excellent example of Byronic Hero.

২১. Byron’s Poetry Style

Main Characteristics

২২. Byron’s Political Ideas

Byron opposed—

• Tyranny
• Oppression
• Political hypocrisy

He supported—

• Liberty
• Democracy
• Revolution
• National freedom

২৩. Byron and Romanticism

Byron Romanticism-এ যুক্ত করেন—

• Heroic rebellion.
• Political freedom.
• Individual independence.
• Exotic landscapes.

২৪. Byron vs Wordsworth vs Shelley

২৫. Byron’s Important Quotes

Famous Quotes

She walks in beauty, like the night.

There is pleasure in the pathless woods.

I awoke one morning and found myself famous.

২৬. Byron — Important Literary Terms

২৭. Byron’s Major Works — Summary Table

২৮. Important Dates

২৯. 50 Important MCQs (Job Exam)

General Byron MCQs

Childe Harold MCQs

Don Juan MCQs

Byronic Hero MCQs

Other Works MCQs

৩০. Previous BCS / NTRCA Important Facts

৩১. One-Minute Final Revision

Lord Byron → Second Generation Romantic Poet

Poet of Liberty → Byron

Creator of Byronic Hero → Byron

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage → Made Byron famous (1812)

Don Juan → Satirical Epic → Ottava Rima → abababcc

Manfred → Dramatic Poem → Byronic Hero

She Walks in Beauty → Famous Lyric on Beauty

Greek Independence → Byron died at Missolonghi, Greece (1824)

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Romantic Age (1798–1832): Complete Lecture Sheet (Part–5)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) & John Keats (1795–1821) — Final Master Notes

১. Shelley — Introduction

Literary Identity

• Revolutionary Poet
• Idealistic Poet
• Poet of Liberty
• Poet of Hope

Exam Fact: Shelley is called the Poet of Revolution and Poet of Hope.

২. Shelley’s Literary Characteristics

Main Features

• Freedom
• Revolution
• Idealism
• Nature
• Imagination
• Love
• Humanity
• Hope

৩. Shelley’s Major Works

৪. Ode to the West Wind (1819)

Published

1820

Structure

5 Cantos

Each canto has 14 lines.

Rhyme Scheme

Terza Rima:

aba bcb cdc ded ee

Themes

• Revolution
• Nature
• Hope
• Rebirth
• Change

Symbols

Famous Line

If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

Meaning: After hardship comes hope.

Very Important BCS/NTRCA Question

৫. To a Skylark

5

Theme

• Joy
• Beauty
• Inspiration
• Poetry
• Nature

Symbol

Skylark = Ideal Happiness

Famous Opening

Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!

৬. Adonais

Genre

Pastoral Elegy

Written For

John Keats

Theme

• Death
• Immortality
• Mourning
• Hope

Important Fact

Shelley mourns Keats’ death.

৭. Prometheus Unbound

Genre

Lyrical Drama.

Theme

• Freedom
• Rebellion
• Human Liberation

Hero

Prometheus

৮. The Mask of Anarchy

Background

Peterloo Massacre (1819)

Theme

• Political oppression
• Democracy
• Freedom
• Non-violent resistance

৯. Hymn to Intellectual Beauty

Theme

Invisible spiritual beauty guides humanity.

Important Concept

Beauty is eternal spiritual power.

১০. Shelley — Important Literary Identity

Part–B : John Keats (1795–1821)

১১. John Keats — Introduction

Literary Identity

• Poet of Beauty
• Sensuous Poet
• Romantic Idealist

Exam Fact: Keats is called the Poet of Beauty.

১২. Keats’ Literary Characteristics

Main Features

• Beauty
• Sensuousness
• Art
• Nature
• Love
• Imagination
• Mortality
• Immortality

১৩. Keats’ Major Works

১৪. Keats’ Five Great Odes

১৫. Ode to a Nightingale

Theme

• Mortality
• Escape
• Beauty
• Art
• Nature

Symbol

Nightingale = Immortality through Art

Famous Line

My heart aches…

The speaker wishes to escape human suffering.

১৬. Ode on a Grecian Urn

Theme

• Beauty
• Truth
• Eternal Art

Famous Line

Beauty is truth, truth beauty.

Most Important Quote

Frequently asked in BCS/NTRCA.

১৭. To Autumn

Theme

• Nature
• Harvest
• Maturity
• Peace

Symbol

Autumn represents fullness of life.

১৮. Ode on Melancholy

Theme

• Joy
• Sadness
• Beauty
• Transience

Keats says joy and sorrow coexist.

১৯. La Belle Dame sans Merci

5

Genre

Ballad.

Theme

• Love
• Illusion
• Death
• Supernatural Beauty

Characters

• Knight
• Beautiful Lady

২০. Endymion

Genre

Romantic Narrative Poem.

Famous Opening

A thing of beauty is a joy forever.

Theme

Beauty is eternal.

২১. Hyperion

Genre

Epic Fragment.

Theme

• Fall of Titans
• Change
• Power
• Beauty

২২. Negative Capability

Most Important Literary Theory

Definition

Keats coined this term.

Meaning

Ability to remain in uncertainty, mystery and doubt without seeking logical explanation.

Exam Shortcut

Negative Capability → John Keats

২৩. Beauty Theory

Keats’ Philosophy

Beauty is eternal.

Famous Quotes

A thing of beauty is a joy forever.

Beauty is truth, truth beauty.

২৪. Keats as Sensuous Poet

Keats’ poetry appeals to—

• Sight
• Sound
• Smell
• Taste
• Touch

Therefore called Sensuous Poet.

২৫. Keats and Hellenism

Keats was deeply influenced by—

• Greek mythology
• Classical sculpture
• Ancient beauty

Examples:

• Grecian Urn
• Endymion
• Hyperion

২৬. Shelley vs Keats

২৭. Byron vs Shelley vs Keats

২৮. Important Literary Terms

২৯. Important Dates

৩০. 100 Important MCQs (Exam Focus)

Shelley MCQs

Keats MCQs

Comparative MCQs

৩১. Previous BCS / NTRCA Important Facts

৩২. Romantic Age — Final Master Revision

Six Major Romantic Poets

Romantic Age — Golden Works Chart

Romantic Age — Most Important Literary Terms

৩৩. One-Minute Final Revision (Romantic Age)

Romantic Age → 1798–1832

Lyrical Ballads (1798) → Wordsworth & Coleridge

Poet of Nature → Wordsworth

Poet of Supernatural → Coleridge

Poet of Liberty → Byron

Poet of Revolution → Shelley

Poet of Beauty → Keats

Negative Capability → Keats

Byronic Hero → Byron

If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? → Shelley

Beauty is truth, truth beauty → Keats

A thing of beauty is a joy forever → Keats