Posted by Subject–Verb Agreement হলো বাক্যের Subject (কর্তা) এবং Verb (ক্রিয়া)-এর মধ্যে Number (Singular/Plural) ও Person অনুযায়ী সঠিক মিল থাকা।
সহজভাবে:
Singular Subject → Singular Verb
Plural Subject → Plural Verb
তবে ইংরেজিতে অনেক ব্যতিক্রম ও বিশেষ নিয়ম আছে। চাকরির পরীক্ষায় এগুলো থেকেই বেশি প্রশ্ন আসে।
১. Subject Singular হলে Singular Verb
Present Indefinite-এ:
He plays football.
Rahim goes to school.
The boy reads a book.
এখানে:
- He → Singular → plays
- Rahim → Singular → goes
- The boy → Singular → reads
Formula
Singular Subject + V1+s/es
২. Subject Plural হলে Plural Verb
They play football.
The boys go to school.
We read books.
Formula
Plural Subject + V1
৩. I এবং You–এর বিশেষ নিয়ম
I Singular হলেও Present Indefinite-এ সাধারণত V1 বসে।
I go to school.
I play football.
You Singular বা Plural—দুই ক্ষেত্রেই:
You are a student.
You are students.
৪. And দ্বারা দুটি Subject যুক্ত হলে Plural Verb
দুটি আলাদা Subject and দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে Verb সাধারণত Plural হয়।
Rahim and Karim are friends.
The teacher and the student were present.
Rina and Mina play together.
Shortcut
A + and + B → Plural Verb
৫. কিন্তু and–এর মাধ্যমে একটি ব্যক্তি/বস্তু বোঝালে Singular Verb
দুটি শব্দ and দ্বারা যুক্ত হলেও যদি তারা একজন ব্যক্তি, একটি বস্তু বা একটি ধারণা বোঝায়, তাহলে Singular Verb হতে পারে।
The poet and philosopher is dead.
এখানে একই ব্যক্তি Poet এবং Philosopher।
কিন্তু:
The poet and the philosopher are dead.
এখানে দুইজন আলাদা ব্যক্তি।
Article দেখে অনেক সময় বোঝা যায়
The poet and philosopher → একজন
The poet and the philosopher → দুইজন
৬. Each + Singular Noun + Singular Verb
Each boy has a book.
Each student is responsible.
❌ Each students are…
✅ Each student is…
৭. Every + Singular Noun + Singular Verb
Every student has a pen.
Every boy is present.
❌ Every students are present.
৮. Each of + Plural Noun → Singular Verb
Noun plural হলেও Verb Singular হবে।
Each of the boys is intelligent.
Each of the students has a book.
মনে রাখুন
Each of + plural noun + singular verb
৯. Every one of + Plural Noun → Singular Verb
Every one of the students is present.
Every one of the books has a cover.
১০. Everyone, Everybody, Everything
এগুলো দেখতে অনেকজন/অনেক কিছু বোঝালেও Grammar-এ Singular।
Everyone is happy.
Everybody has a book.
Everything is ready.
❌ Everyone are happy.
১১. Someone, Somebody, Something
এগুলোও Singular।
Someone is knocking at the door.
Somebody has taken my pen.
Something is wrong.
১২. Anyone, Anybody, Anything
এগুলোও Singular।
Anybody can do it.
Anyone is welcome.
Anything is possible.
১৩. No one, Nobody, Nothing
এগুলো Singular।
Nobody knows the answer.
No one is perfect.
Nothing is impossible.
১৪. One of + Plural Noun → Singular Verb
এটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
One of my friends is a doctor.
One of the boys has won the prize.
❌ One of my friends are…
Formula
One of + plural noun + singular verb
১৫. Many a + Singular Noun → Singular Verb
Many a student has failed.
Many a man has tried.
যদিও অর্থে অনেক বোঝায়, Verb Singular হবে।
১৬. More than one + Singular Noun → Singular Verb
More than one student has failed.
More than one person was injured.
১৭. A number of + Plural Noun → Plural Verb
A number of students are absent.
A number of people have arrived.
মনে রাখুন
A number of → Plural Verb
১৮. The number of + Plural Noun → Singular Verb
The number of students is increasing.
The number of unemployed people has increased.
Shortcut
A number of → are/have
The number of → is/has
১৯. Either…or
Verb সাধারণত নিকটবর্তী Subject অনুযায়ী হয়।
Either Rahim or his friends are coming.
এখানে কাছের Subject = friends → plural → are
আবার:
Either his friends or Rahim is coming.
কাছের Subject = Rahim → singular → is
২০. Neither…nor
এখানেও Verb নিকটবর্তী Subject অনুযায়ী হয়।
Neither Rahim nor his friends are present.
Neither the students nor the teacher is ready.
Master Rule
Either…or / Neither…nor → Verb agrees with the nearer Subject.
২১. Not only…but also
এখানেও Verb সাধারণত নিকটবর্তী Subject অনুযায়ী হয়।
Not only Rahim but also his friends are coming.
Not only his friends but also Rahim is coming.
২২. As well as
as well as Subject-এর Number পরিবর্তন করে না।
Rahim as well as his friends is present.
এখানে মূল Subject = Rahim।
আরেকটি:
The students as well as the teacher are present.
মূল Subject = students।
Formula
A as well as B → Verb agrees with A
২৩. Along with
এটিও Subject-এর Number পরিবর্তন করে না।
The teacher along with his students is going.
Rahim along with his friends was present.
মূল Subject দেখবেন।
২৪. Together with
The principal together with the teachers is attending the meeting.
The students together with their teacher are going.
২৫. With
Rahim with his friends is going.
The teacher with the students was present.
with-এর পরের noun মূল Subject নয়।
২৬. Including
including-এর পরের noun Subject-এর Number নির্ধারণ করে না।
The teacher, including his assistants, is present.
মূল Subject = teacher → Singular।
২৭. Except
Everyone except Rahim is present.
All the students except Karim are present.
Verb মূল Subject অনুযায়ী হবে।
২৮. Collective Noun
Collective Noun:
- team
- family
- committee
- class
- jury
- audience
- government
- army
- police force
- crowd
একটি Unit হিসেবে বোঝালে Singular Verb।
The team is strong.
The committee has decided.
The family is happy.
২৯. Collective Noun-এর সদস্যদের আলাদা বোঝালে Plural Verb
The committee are divided in their opinions.
The family are quarrelling among themselves.
এখানে সদস্যদের আলাদা আলাদা বোঝানো হয়েছে।
৩০. Police → Plural Verb
Police সাধারণত Plural হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
The police are investigating the case.
❌ The police is investigating…
একজন পুলিশ:
A policeman is coming.
৩১. People → Plural Verb
People are often careless.
Many people have come.
কিন্তু a people ভিন্ন অর্থে জাতি/জনগোষ্ঠী বোঝাতে পারে।
৩২. Cattle → Plural Verb
The cattle are grazing.
❌ The cattle is grazing.
একটি গরু:
A cow is grazing.
৩৩. Uncountable Noun → Singular Verb
যেমন:
- information
- advice
- furniture
- luggage
- baggage
- equipment
- knowledge
- traffic
- money
- news
Examples:
The information is useful.
His advice was helpful.
The furniture is expensive.
৩৪. News → Singular Verb
শব্দটির শেষে s থাকলেও news Singular।
The news is true.
The news was shocking.
৩৫. Mathematics, Physics, Economics
বিষয়ের নাম হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে সাধারণত Singular।
Mathematics is difficult.
Physics is interesting.
Economics is an important subject.
৩৬. Politics
বিষয়/রাজনৈতিক বিজ্ঞান বোঝালে Singular:
Politics is a difficult subject.
কিন্তু রাজনৈতিক কর্মকাণ্ড/মতামত বোঝালে context অনুযায়ী Plural হতে পারে।
৩৭. Measles, Mumps, Rickets
রোগের নামগুলো সাধারণত Singular Verb নেয়।
Measles is a contagious disease.
৩৮. বই/সংবাদপত্র/সিনেমার নাম → Singular
নামটি দেখতে Plural হলেও একটি নির্দিষ্ট বই/কাজের নাম হলে Singular Verb হয়।
The Arabian Nights is a famous book.
The Canterbury Tales is a famous work.
৩৯. দেশের নাম → Singular
The United States is a powerful country.
The United Kingdom is a developed country.
৪০. Scissors, Trousers, Pants, Spectacles
এগুলো সাধারণত Plural।
The scissors are sharp.
My trousers are new.
His spectacles are broken.
৪১. A pair of + Plural Noun → Singular Verb
A pair of scissors is on the table.
A pair of trousers is expensive.
A pair of shoes is missing.
Shortcut
A pair of → Singular Verb
৪২. Two pairs of + Plural Noun → Plural Verb
Two pairs of shoes are missing.
Three pairs of trousers are available.
৪৩. Fraction / Percentage
Verb নির্ভর করবে of-এর পরের noun-এর ওপর।
Uncountable/Singular noun
Half of the water is gone.
Fifty percent of the work is complete.
Plural noun
Half of the students are absent.
Fifty percent of the people are poor.
Shortcut
Percentage + of + noun → noun অনুযায়ী Verb
৪৪. Some of
Some of the water is dirty.
Some of the students are absent.
Water → Singular/Uncountable
Students → Plural
৪৫. All of
All of the money is gone.
All of the students are present.
৪৬. Most of
Most of the work is finished.
Most of the students are present.
৪৭. A lot of / Lots of / Plenty of
পরের noun অনুযায়ী Verb হবে।
A lot of money is needed.
A lot of students are absent.
Lots of water is wasted.
Lots of people are waiting.
৪৮. A lot of বনাম The lot of
সাধারণত a lot of-এর পরে noun অনুযায়ী Verb হবে।
A lot of people are here.
৪৯. There is / There are
এখানে পরের Subject অনুযায়ী Verb হবে।
There is a book on the table.
There are many books on the table.
There is a boy and two girls.
Formal agreement-এ পরবর্তী noun-এর সঙ্গে মিল রাখা হয়।
৫০. Gerund as Subject → Singular Verb
Verb + ing যখন Noun হিসেবে Subject হয়:
Swimming is good exercise.
Reading books is a good habit.
Walking is good for health.
৫১. Infinitive as Subject → Singular Verb
To err is human.
To swim is good exercise.
৫২. Clause as Subject → Singular Verb
What he says is true.
What they need is money.
পুরো Clause একটি Unit হিসেবে গণ্য হয়।
৫৩. What-clause
What he wants is a car.
What we need is money.
তবে what-এর পরের complement যদি plural nature প্রকাশ করে, বিশেষ context-এ Verb ভিন্ন হতে পারে; পরীক্ষায় সাধারণত is-ই প্রত্যাশিত হয় যখন পুরো clause-টি একটি বিষয়/বস্তু হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
৫৪. Relative Pronoun Who/Which/That
Relative pronoun-এর Verb সাধারণত Antecedent অনুযায়ী হয়।
He is one of the boys who work hard.
এখানে who → boys → plural → work।
কিন্তু:
He is the only one of the boys who works hard.
এখানে who → the only one → singular → works।
এটি পরীক্ষায় অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
৫৫. Who–এর Subject নির্ণয়
I know the man who lives here.
Antecedent = man → Singular → lives
I know the men who live here.
Antecedent = men → Plural → live
৫৬. One of those who
He is one of those who work hard.
কারণ who → those → plural।
৫৭. The only one of those who
He is the only one of those who works hard.
কারণ who → the only one → singular।
৫৮. Kind/Type/Sort
This kind/type/sort of + Singular Noun
This kind of book is useful.
These kinds/types/sorts of + Plural Noun
These kinds of books are useful.
৫৯. A kind of + Singular
A kind of flower is found here.
৬০. Kinds of + Plural
Different kinds of flowers are found here.
৬১. The majority of
পরের noun অনুযায়ী Verb।
The majority of students are present.
The majority of the population is poor.
৬২. Minority of
এটিও পরের noun অনুযায়ী।
A minority of students are absent.
A minority of the population is affected.
৬৩. A quantity of
Noun অনুযায়ী Verb।
A large quantity of water is required.
Large quantities of water are required.
৬৪. An amount of
Uncountable noun হলে Singular:
A large amount of money is needed.
Plural countable noun হলে সাধারণত number ব্যবহার করা হয়:
A large number of students are present.
৬৫. Time/Distance/Money-এর পরিমাণ একটি Unit হলে Singular
Ten miles is a long distance.
Five years is a long time.
Ten thousand taka is enough.
এখানে পুরো পরিমাণটিকে একটি Unit হিসেবে ধরা হয়েছে।
৬৬. কিন্তু আলাদা আলাদা একক বোঝালে Plural
Ten years have passed since he left.
Five miles were covered by the soldiers.
অর্থাৎ context গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
৬৭. Ten kilometers একটি দূরত্ব হলে
Ten kilometers is a long distance to walk.
৬৮. Arithmetic Expressions
গাণিতিক যোগফল/গুণফল একটি ফলাফল হিসেবে বিবেচিত হলে Singular Verb হয়।
Two and two is four.
Ten multiplied by five is fifty.
৬৯. Bread and butter
একটি খাবার হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে:
Bread and butter is my breakfast.
আলাদা দুটি জিনিস হিসেবে হলে:
Bread and butter are sold here.
৭০. Fish and chips
একটি খাবারের নাম হলে:
Fish and chips is my favorite dish.
৭১. Slow and steady
একটি ধারণা/নীতিবাক্য হিসেবে:
Slow and steady wins the race.
৭২. More than one
More than one student has complained.
Singular noun → Singular Verb।
৭৩. Many
Many + plural noun → Plural Verb
Many students are absent.
Many people have come.
৭৪. Few / A few
Plural Verb:
Few students are absent.
A few boys have come.
৭৫. Little / A little
Uncountable noun-এর সঙ্গে:
Little water is left.
A little money is needed.
৭৬. Neither of + Plural Noun
Formal English-এ সাধারণত Singular Verb:
Neither of the boys is ready.
Neither of them has come.
৭৭. Either of + Plural Noun
Formal English-এ Singular:
Either of the two boys is suitable.
Either of them has done it.
৭৮. None of
Context অনুযায়ী Singular বা Plural হতে পারে।
Uncountable:
None of the money is left.
Plural countable:
None of the students are ready.
Formal পরীক্ষামূলক English-এ plural count noun-এর সঙ্গে singular none is-ও পাওয়া যায়, তবে আধুনিক ব্যবহারে plural agreement খুবই স্বাভাবিক।
৭৯. No + Singular Noun
No student is absent.
No boy has come.
৮০. No + Plural Noun
No students are absent.
No boys have come.
৮১. Not only…but also
Not only the teacher but also the students are responsible.
Not only the students but also the teacher is responsible.
নিকটবর্তী Subject অনুসরণ করুন।
৮২. Neither…nor + দুই Singular Subject
Neither Rahim nor Karim is present.
দুইজনই Singular → is।
৮৩. Either…or + দুই Plural Subject
Either the boys or the girls are responsible.
৮৪. Either…or + Singular + Plural
Either Rahim or his friends are coming.
নিকটবর্তী friends → Plural।
৮৫. Neither…nor + Plural + Singular
Neither the students nor the teacher is ready.
নিকটবর্তী teacher → Singular।
৮৬. Each…and…each
দুটি each থাকলেও সাধারণত Singular:
Each boy and each girl has a book.
৮৭. Every…and…every
Every boy and every girl is invited.
৮৮. Many a…and…many a
Many a boy and many a girl has participated.
৮৯. No…and no
No boy and no girl was absent.
৯০. Title/Name-এর সঙ্গে Singular Verb
কোনো বই/গান/সিনেমা/প্রতিষ্ঠানের নাম Plural দেখালেও একটি Unit হলে Singular:
The Arabian Nights is famous.
The United States is powerful.
৯১. United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands
দেশের নাম হিসেবে Singular:
The United States is a developed country.
The Netherlands is a European country.
৯২. Statistics
দুইভাবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
Subject/বিষয় হিসেবে:
Statistics is an important subject.
পরিসংখ্যান/সংখ্যাতথ্য হিসেবে:
The statistics are alarming.
৯৩. Means
একটি উপায় বোঝালে Singular বা Plural form একই হতে পারে।
A means of communication is necessary.
Several means of communication are available.
৯৪. Series
Singular এবং Plural—দুই ক্ষেত্রেই series হতে পারে।
This series is interesting.
These series are interesting.
Determiner দেখে বোঝা যায়।
৯৫. Species
This species is rare.
These species are rare.
৯৬. Headquarters
Singular/Plural উভয় অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে:
The headquarters is in Dhaka.
Several headquarters are located in different cities.
৯৭. Works
কোনো ব্যক্তির রচনাসমূহ বোঝালে Plural:
The works of Shakespeare are famous.
কিন্তু কোনো নির্দিষ্ট কাজ/বইয়ের title হলে title-এর nature অনুযায়ী Singular হতে পারে।
৯৮. Subject-এর মাঝখানে Prepositional Phrase থাকলে
মূল Subject খুঁজে বের করতে হবে।
The quality of the apples is good.
এখানে Subject = quality, apples নয়।
❌ The quality of the apples are…
✅ The quality of the apples is…
৯৯. of–এর পরে থাকা Noun দেখে Verb নির্বাচন করবেন না
এটি চাকরির পরীক্ষার অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম।
The list of students is ready.
Subject = list → Singular
The students in the class are ready.
Subject = students → Plural
Shortcut
of/in/on/with/by + noun অনেক সময় Subject নয়।
১০০. Subject নির্ণয়ের Master Technique
বাক্যে Verb বসানোর আগে:
Step 1
প্রথমে মূল Subject খুঁজুন।
Step 2
of, with, along with, as well as, together with, including ইত্যাদির পরের noun বাদ দিয়ে দেখুন।
Step 3
মূল Subject Singular না Plural দেখুন।
Step 4
তারপর Verb নির্বাচন করুন।