Posted by Tense — বিস্তারিত আলোচনা
Tense (কাল) হলো ক্রিয়ার এমন রূপ, যার মাধ্যমে কোনো কাজ কখন ঘটেছে, ঘটছে বা ঘটবে তা বোঝা যায়।
ইংরেজিতে Tense প্রধানত ৩ প্রকার:
- Present Tense — বর্তমান কাল
- Past Tense — অতীত কাল
- Future Tense — ভবিষ্যৎ কাল
প্রতিটি আবার ৪ প্রকার। তাই মোট ১২টি Tense।
| কাল | Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous |
| Present | Present Indefinite | Present Continuous | Present Perfect | Present Perfect Continuous |
| Past | Past Indefinite | Past Continuous | Past Perfect | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Future | Future Indefinite | Future Continuous | Future Perfect | Future Perfect Continuous |
১. Present Tense — বর্তমান কাল
১.১ Present Indefinite / Simple Present
ব্যবহার
বর্তমানে—
- কোনো কাজ নিয়মিত হয়
- অভ্যাস বোঝায়
- চিরন্তন সত্য বোঝায়
- সাধারণ সত্য বোঝায়
- কোনো কাজের নিয়ম বা রুটিন বোঝায়
গঠন
Affirmative:
Subject + V1 + Object
তবে He/She/It/একবচন noun হলে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যুক্ত হয়।
Examples:
- I play football.
- We read books.
- He plays football.
- Rahim goes to school.
Negative
Subject + do/does + not + V1 + Object
- I do not play football.
- He does not play football.
- They do not read books.
Interrogative
Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Object?
- Do you play football?
- Does he play football?
বিশেষ নিয়ম
He, She, It এবং একবচন noun → V1 + s/es
- He plays.
- She reads.
- Rahim goes.
I, We, You, They → V1
- I play.
- We play.
- They play.
১.২ Present Continuous
বর্তমানে কোনো কাজ চলছে বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + am/is/are + V-ing + Object
| Subject | Helping Verb |
| I | am |
| He/She/It | is |
| We/You/They | are |
Examples
- I am reading.
- He is playing.
- She is cooking.
- They are working.
Negative
Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing
- I am not reading.
- He is not playing.
- They are not working.
Interrogative
Am/Is/Are + Subject + V-ing?
- Are you reading?
- Is he playing?
- Are they working?
চেনার শব্দ
now, at present, at this moment, currently, still
যেমন:
He is now reading a book.
১.৩ Present Perfect
বর্তমানে কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়েছে, কিন্তু তার ফলাফল বর্তমানের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত—এমন ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + have/has + V3 + Object
| Subject | Helping Verb |
| I/We/You/They | have |
| He/She/It | has |
Examples
- I have finished my work.
- He has eaten rice.
- They have completed the task.
Negative
Subject + have/has + not + V3
- I have not finished the work.
- He has not eaten rice.
Interrogative
Have/Has + Subject + V3?
- Have you finished the work?
- Has he gone home?
চেনার শব্দ
just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, lately, so far, till now, up to now
Examples:
- I have just finished the work.
- He has already gone.
- Have you finished yet?
১.৪ Present Perfect Continuous
কোনো কাজ অতীতে শুরু হয়ে এখনও চলছে—এবং কাজটির সময়কাল বোঝানো হয়—তখন এটি ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + have/has + been + V-ing + since/for + time
Examples
- I have been reading for two hours.
- He has been working since morning.
- They have been playing for three hours.
Since এবং For
Since → নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের শুরু
- since morning
- since 2020
- since Monday
- since 5 o’clock
For → কত সময় ধরে
- for two hours
- for five days
- for ten years
চেনার কৌশল
since/for + কাজ এখনও চলছে → Present Perfect Continuous
২. Past Tense — অতীত কাল
২.১ Past Indefinite / Simple Past
অতীতে কোনো কাজ হয়েছিল বা সম্পন্ন হয়েছিল বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + V2 + Object
Examples
- I went to school.
- He played football.
- They visited Dhaka.
- She wrote a letter.
Negative
Subject + did not + V1
খেয়াল রাখবেন, did-এর পরে V2 নয়, V1 হবে।
❌ He did not went.
✅ He did not go.
Interrogative
Did + Subject + V1?
- Did you go there?
- Did he play football?
চেনার শব্দ
yesterday, ago, last, once, in 2020, the other day
Examples:
- I met him yesterday.
- He came here two days ago.
- They visited Dhaka last year.
২.২ Past Continuous
অতীতে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে কোনো কাজ চলছিল বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + was/were + V-ing
| Subject | Helping Verb |
| I/He/She/It | was |
| We/You/They | were |
Examples
- I was reading.
- He was sleeping.
- They were playing.
Negative
Subject + was/were + not + V-ing
- He was not sleeping.
- They were not playing.
Interrogative
Was/Were + Subject + V-ing?
- Was he sleeping?
- Were they playing?
বিশেষ ব্যবহার
একটি কাজ চলার সময় অন্য একটি কাজ ঘটলে:
While + Past Continuous, Past Indefinite
Example:
While I was reading, he came.
অর্থ: আমি পড়ছিলাম, এমন সময় সে এলো।
২.৩ Past Perfect
অতীতে দুটি কাজের মধ্যে যে কাজটি আগে ঘটেছিল, সেটি Past Perfect।
গঠন
Subject + had + V3
Example
The train had left before I reached the station.
এখানে—
- Train leaving = আগে
- I reaching = পরে
তাই আগে হওয়া কাজটি:
had + V3 → had left
আরও উদাহরণ
- He had finished the work before I came.
- They had left before we arrived.
Negative
Subject + had not + V3
- He had not finished the work.
Interrogative
Had + Subject + V3?
- Had he finished the work?
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সূত্র
Past-এর দুটি কাজ → আগে হওয়া কাজ = Past Perfect
২.৪ Past Perfect Continuous
অতীতে কোনো কাজ একটানা কিছু সময় ধরে চলছিল, এবং অতীতের একটি নির্দিষ্ট ঘটনা পর্যন্ত চলেছিল—এমন ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + had been + V-ing + since/for
Examples
- I had been reading for two hours.
- He had been working since morning.
- They had been playing for three hours before it started raining.
৩. Future Tense — ভবিষ্যৎ কাল
৩.১ Future Indefinite / Simple Future
ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ হবে বা করবে বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + will + V1
Examples
- I will go.
- He will come.
- They will play.
- She will study.
Negative
Subject + will not + V1
- I will not go.
- He will not come.
Interrogative
Will + Subject + V1?
- Will you come?
- Will he play?
চেনার শব্দ
tomorrow, next, soon, later, in the future
Examples:
- I will go there tomorrow.
- He will come next week.
৩.২ Future Continuous
ভবিষ্যতের কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে কোনো কাজ চলতে থাকবে বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + will be + V-ing
Examples
- I will be reading at 8 pm.
- He will be working tomorrow morning.
- They will be playing at this time tomorrow.
Negative
Subject + will not be + V-ing
Interrogative
Will + Subject + be + V-ing?
৩.৩ Future Perfect
ভবিষ্যতের কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের আগে কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়ে যাবে বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + will have + V3
Examples
- I will have finished the work by tomorrow.
- He will have reached home by 8 pm.
- They will have completed the project by next month.
চেনার শব্দ
by, before + future time
Example:
I will have completed the work by tomorrow.
৩.৪ Future Perfect Continuous
ভবিষ্যতের কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময় পর্যন্ত কোনো কাজ কত সময় ধরে চলতে থাকবে তা বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন
Subject + will have been + V-ing + for/since
Examples
- I will have been working for five hours by 5 pm.
- He will have been studying for three years by next June.
১২টি Tense এক নজরে
| Tense | Structure | Example |
| Present Indefinite | S + V1 | I read. |
| Present Continuous | S + am/is/are + V-ing | I am reading. |
| Present Perfect | S + have/has + V3 | I have read. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | S + have/has been + V-ing | I have been reading. |
| Past Indefinite | S + V2 | I read. |
| Past Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing | I was reading. |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V3 | I had read. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | S + had been + V-ing | I had been reading. |
| Future Indefinite | S + will + V1 | I will read. |
| Future Continuous | S + will be + V-ing | I will be reading. |
| Future Perfect | S + will have + V3 | I will have read. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | S + will have been + V-ing | I will have been reading. |
চাকরির পরীক্ষার জন্য Tense চেনার শর্টকাট
১. V1 / V1+s/es
সাধারণত Present Indefinite
He goes to school.
২. am/is/are + V-ing
→ Present Continuous
He is going.
৩. have/has + V3
→ Present Perfect
He has gone.
৪. have/has been + V-ing
→ Present Perfect Continuous
He has been going.
৫. V2
→ Past Indefinite
He went.
৬. was/were + V-ing
→ Past Continuous
He was going.
৭. had + V3
→ Past Perfect
He had gone.
৮. had been + V-ing
→ Past Perfect Continuous
He had been going.
৯. will + V1
→ Future Indefinite
He will go.
১০. will be + V-ing
→ Future Continuous
He will be going.
১১. will have + V3
→ Future Perfect
He will have gone.
১২. will have been + V-ing
→ Future Perfect Continuous
He will have been going.