Posted by Narration / Speech — বিস্তারিত আলোচনা
Narration বা Speech হলো কোনো ব্যক্তির বলা কথা অন্যের কাছে প্রকাশ করার পদ্ধতি। ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণে Narration সাধারণত দুই প্রকার:
- Direct Speech — প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি
- Indirect Speech — পরোক্ষ উক্তি
চাকরির পরীক্ষা, BCS, ব্যাংক, শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন, প্রাথমিক শিক্ষক নিয়োগ ইত্যাদিতে Narration থেকে নিয়মিত প্রশ্ন আসে।
১. Direct Speech কী?
কোনো ব্যক্তির নিজের বলা কথা হুবহু উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নের মধ্যে প্রকাশ করলে তাকে Direct Speech বলে।
Example:
Rahim said, “I am ill.”
বাংলা অর্থ:
রহিম বলল, “আমি অসুস্থ।”
এখানে “I am ill” হলো বক্তার হুবহু কথা।
২. Indirect Speech কী?
কোনো ব্যক্তির বক্তব্য হুবহু উদ্ধৃত না করে নিজের ভাষায় প্রকাশ করলে তাকে Indirect Speech বলে।
Example:
Direct:
Rahim said, “I am ill.”
Indirect:
Rahim said that he was ill.
বাংলা:
রহিম বলল যে সে অসুস্থ ছিল।
৩. Narration-এর দুটি অংশ
Direct Speech-এ সাধারণত দুটি অংশ থাকে:
Rahim said, “I am ill.”
Reporting Verb
Rahim said
Reported Speech
“I am ill.”
৪. Direct → Indirect করার প্রধান ৫টি পরিবর্তন
Narration পরিবর্তনের সময় প্রধানত:
১. Inverted Comma পরিবর্তন
“ ” বাদ যায়।
২. Reporting Verb পরিবর্তন
প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী said → told / asked / requested / ordered ইত্যাদি হয়।
৩. Conjunction পরিবর্তন
যেমন:
- that
- if
- whether
- to
ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার হয়।
৪. Pronoun পরিবর্তন
I, we, you, my, our ইত্যাদি অর্থ অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়।
৫. Tense পরিবর্তন
Reporting Verb Past হলে অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Reported Speech-এর tense এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে যায়।
৫. Pronoun Change-এর Golden Rule
এটি Narration-এর সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম।
Rule:
First Person → Reporting Verb-এর Subject অনুযায়ী
Second Person → Reporting Verb-এর Object অনুযায়ী
Third Person → সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে
সহজভাবে:
1st Person → Subject
2nd Person → Object
3rd Person → No change
Example 1
Rahim said, “I am happy.”
I = First Person
Reporting Verb-এর Subject = Rahim
তাই:
Rahim said that he was happy.
Example 2
Rahim said to Karim, “You are honest.”
You = Second Person
Reporting Verb-এর Object = Karim
তাই:
Rahim told Karim that he was honest.
Example 3
Rahim said, “He is honest.”
He = Third Person
তাই সাধারণত:
Rahim said that he was honest.
৬. Tense Change-এর মূল নিয়ম
যদি Reporting Verb Present বা Future Tense হয়, সাধারণত Reported Speech-এর tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Example:
He says, “I am busy.”
→ He says that he is busy.
কিন্তু Reporting Verb Past Tense হলে সাধারণত Reported Speech-এর tense এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে যায়।
৭. Tense Change Chart
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Indefinite | Past Perfect |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Perfect | অপরিবর্তিত |
| Past Perfect Continuous | অপরিবর্তিত |
| will/shall | would/should |
৮. Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite
Direct:
He said, “I work hard.”
Indirect:
He said that he worked hard.
৯. Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Direct:
He said, “I am reading.”
Indirect:
He said that he was reading.
১০. Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Direct:
He said, “I have finished the work.”
Indirect:
He said that he had finished the work.
১১. Past Indefinite → Past Perfect
Direct:
He said, “I went there.”
Indirect:
He said that he had gone there.
১২. Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Direct:
He said, “I was reading.”
Indirect:
He said that he had been reading.
১৩. Past Perfect অপরিবর্তিত
Direct:
He said, “I had finished the work.”
Indirect:
He said that he had finished the work.
১৪. Future → Would
Direct:
He said, “I will go.”
Indirect:
He said that he would go.
১৫. Shall → Would / Should
Context অনুযায়ী:
He said, “I shall go.”
→ He said that he would go.
১৬. Modal Verb Change
| Direct | Indirect |
| will | would |
| shall | would/should |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must | had to / must |
| could | could |
| would | would |
| should | should |
| might | might |
| ought to | ought to |
Example:
He said, “I can swim.”
→ He said that he could swim.
১৭. কখন Tense Change হবে না?
Rule 1: Reporting Verb Present/Future হলে
He says, “I am busy.”
→ He says that he is busy.
Rule 2: Universal Truth হলে
এটি চাকরির পরীক্ষায় খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
→ The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
❌ The earth moved round the sun.
কারণ এটি Universal Truth।
১৮. Universal Truth
যে সত্য সবসময় সত্য, সেখানে tense সাধারণত পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Examples:
He said, “The sun rises in the east.”
→ He said that the sun rises in the east.
The teacher said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
→ The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.
The teacher said, “Water boils at 100°C.”
→ The teacher said that water boils at 100°C.
১৯. Time Expression Change
Direct Speech-এর সময়সূচক শব্দগুলো Indirect Speech-এ পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে।
| Direct | Indirect |
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| yesterday | the previous day / the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| ago | before |
| last night | the previous night |
| last week | the previous week |
| next week | the following week |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| thus | so |
| hence | therefore |
২০. Example
Direct:
He said, “I will go tomorrow.”
Indirect:
He said that he would go the next day.
Direct:
He said, “I saw him yesterday.”
Indirect:
He said that he had seen him the previous day.
২১. Assertive Sentence
Assertive sentence হলো সাধারণ বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য।
Reporting Verb:
said / said to / told
Indirect করার সময় সাধারণত that ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Example:
He said, “I am tired.”
→ He said that he was tired.
২২. “Said to” → “Told”
Direct:
He said to me, “I am busy.”
Indirect:
He told me that he was busy.
মনে রাখুন:
said to + person → told + person
❌ He told to me.
✅ He told me.
২৩. “Said” সবসময় “told” হবে না
Direct:
He said, “I am busy.”
Indirect:
He said that he was busy.
এখানে কোনো Object নেই, তাই said থাকবে।
২৪. Interrogative Sentence
প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের Narration করার সময়:
- said to → asked
- প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বাদ যাবে
- Question structure → Statement structure
- Yes/No question হলে if/whether
- Wh-question হলে Wh-word থাকবে
২৫. Yes/No Question
Direct:
He said to me, “Are you happy?”
Indirect:
He asked me if I was happy.
অথবা:
He asked me whether I was happy.
২৬. Do/Does/Did বাদ যায়
Direct:
He said to me, “Do you know him?”
Indirect:
He asked me if I knew him.
do বাদ গেছে এবং question structure statement structure হয়েছে।
Direct:
He said to me, “Did you see him?”
Indirect:
He asked me if I had seen him.
২৭. Wh-question
Wh-word থাকলে সেটি থাকবে।
Direct:
He said to me, “Where do you live?”
Indirect:
He asked me where I lived.
Direct:
He said to me, “Why are you crying?”
Indirect:
He asked me why I was crying.
Direct:
He said to me, “When will you go?”
Indirect:
He asked me when I would go.
২৮. গুরুত্বপূর্ণ: Question Structure থাকবে না
Direct:
He said, “Where do you live?”
❌ He asked where did I live.
✅ He asked where I lived.
Indirect Speech-এ question-এর word order নয়, statement word order হবে।
২৯. Imperative Sentence
Imperative sentence-এ:
- আদেশ
- অনুরোধ
- উপদেশ
- নিষেধ
ইত্যাদি বোঝায়।
Reporting Verb অর্থ অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়:
| Direct meaning | Reporting Verb |
| Order | ordered |
| Request | requested |
| Advice | advised |
| Command | commanded |
| Prohibition | forbade |
| Entreaty | begged |
৩০. Order
Direct:
The teacher said to the students, “Open your books.”
Indirect:
The teacher ordered the students to open their books.
৩১. Request
Direct:
He said to me, “Please help me.”
Indirect:
He requested me to help him.
৩২. Advice
Direct:
Father said to me, “Work hard.”
Indirect:
Father advised me to work hard.
৩৩. Negative Imperative
Direct:
The teacher said to the boy, “Do not make a noise.”
Indirect:
The teacher ordered the boy not to make a noise.
৩৪. “Don’t” → “Not to”
Direct:
He said to me, “Don’t go there.”
Indirect:
He told me not to go there.
৩৫. “Never”
Direct:
Father said to me, “Never tell a lie.”
Indirect:
Father advised me never to tell a lie.
৩৬. Let-এর Narration
Let বিভিন্ন অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়। তাই অর্থ বুঝে Reporting Verb নির্বাচন করতে হবে।
Let = Proposal/Suggestion
Direct:
He said, “Let us go out.”
Indirect:
He suggested that we should go out.
অথবা:
He proposed that we should go out.
৩৭. “Let us” → Suggestion
Direct:
He said to me, “Let us play football.”
Indirect:
He suggested that we should play football.
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ:
Let us = Proposal/Suggestion
৩৮. “Let me” = Permission
Direct:
He said to me, “Let me go.”
Indirect:
He requested me to let him go.
অর্থ অনুযায়ী:
He asked me to allow him to go.
৩৯. Exclamatory Sentence
আবেগ প্রকাশ করলে:
- exclaimed with joy
- exclaimed with sorrow
- exclaimed with surprise
- exclaimed with wonder
ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা যায়।
৪০. Joy
Direct:
He said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”
Indirect:
He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
৪১. Sorrow
Direct:
He said, “Alas! My friend is dead.”
Indirect:
He exclaimed with sorrow that his friend was dead.
৪২. Surprise
Direct:
He said, “What a beautiful bird!”
Indirect:
He exclaimed with surprise that it was a very beautiful bird.
৪৩. “What” / “How” Exclamation
Direct:
He said, “How beautiful the flower is!”
Indirect:
He exclaimed that the flower was very beautiful.
৪৪. Optative Sentence
Optative sentence-এ:
- Prayer
- Wish
- Blessing
- Curse
ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায়।
Reporting Verb হতে পারে:
- prayed
- wished
- blessed
- cursed
৪৫. Prayer
Direct:
He said, “May Allah help you.”
Indirect:
He prayed that Allah might help me.
৪৬. Wish
Direct:
He said, “May you live long.”
Indirect:
He wished that I might live long.
৪৭. “Good morning”
Greeting থাকলে অর্থ অনুযায়ী:
He said to me, “Good morning.”
→ He wished me good morning.
অথবা:
→ He greeted me.
৪৮. Thanking
Direct:
He said to me, “Thank you.”
Indirect:
He thanked me.
৪৯. Apology
Direct:
He said, “I am sorry.”
Indirect:
He apologized.
৫০. Congratulations
Direct:
He said to me, “Congratulations!”
Indirect:
He congratulated me.
৫১. Greetings
Direct:
He said to me, “Good morning.”
→ He wished me good morning.
Direct:
He said to me, “Goodbye.”
→ He bade me goodbye.
৫২. Narration-এর সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Reporting Verb Chart
| Direct | Indirect |
| said | said |
| said to | told |
| said to | asked |
| said to | requested |
| said to | advised |
| said to | ordered |
| said to | commanded |
| said to | forbade |
| said | exclaimed |
| said | prayed |
| said | wished |
| said | thanked |
| said | congratulated |
| said | apologized |
৫৩. “Said to” কখন কী হবে?
এটি মুখস্থ রাখুন:
Statement:
said to → told
Question:
said to → asked
Request:
said to → requested
Advice:
said to → advised
Order:
said to → ordered
Prohibition:
said to → forbade
৫৪. “Please” থাকলে
He said to me, “Please give me a glass of water.”
→ He requested me to give him a glass of water.
৫৫. “Kindly” থাকলে
He said to me, “Kindly help me.”
→ He requested me to help him.
৫৬. “Must” এর ব্যবহার
Must-এর পরিবর্তন context-এর ওপর নির্ভর করে।
Direct:
He said, “I must go.”
Indirect:
He said that he had to go.
তবে obligation এখনও বর্তমান হলে কিছু ক্ষেত্রে must রাখা যেতে পারে।
৫৭. “Need not”
Direct:
He said, “I need not go.”
Indirect:
He said that he need not go.
Context অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হতে পারে।
৫৮. Universal Truth-এর বিশেষ নিয়ম
Direct:
The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
Indirect:
The teacher said that the earth is round.
Direct:
The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
Indirect:
The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
৫৯. Historical Fact
Historical fact-এর ক্ষেত্রেও context অনুযায়ী tense অপরিবর্তিত রাখা যেতে পারে।
The teacher said, “Bangladesh became independent in 1971.”
→ The teacher said that Bangladesh became independent in 1971.
৬০. আজকের জন্য সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Shortcut
Statement
said → said that
said to + person → told + person + that
Question
said to → asked
Yes/No → if/whether
Wh → Wh-word
Command
said to → ordered + object + to
Request
said to → requested + object + to
Advice
said to → advised + object + to
Negative Command
said to → ordered/told + object + not to
Exclamation
said → exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise + that
Prayer/Wish
said → prayed/wished + that
৬১. Narration-এর Master Formula
Assertive
S + said + “…”
↓
S + said + that + changed sentence
Said to
S + said to + O + “…”
↓
S + told + O + that + changed sentence
Yes/No Question
S + said to + O + “…?”
↓
S + asked + O + if/whether + changed sentence
Wh Question
S + said to + O + “Wh…?”
↓
S + asked + O + Wh-word + changed sentence
Imperative
S + said to + O + “V1…”
↓
S + ordered/requested/advised + O + to + V1
Negative Imperative
S + said to + O + “Don’t + V1…”
↓
S + ordered/requested/advised + O + not to + V1
⭐ Narration-এর ১০টি Golden Rules
১. Direct-এর quotation mark বাদ যাবে।
২. Statement-এ সাধারণত that বসবে।
৩. Yes/No question-এ if/whether বসবে।
৪. Wh-question-এ Wh-word থাকবে।
৫. Question-এর interrogative word order Indirect-এ থাকবে না।
৬. Imperative-এ সাধারণত to + V1 হবে।
৭. Negative imperative-এ not to + V1 হবে।
৮. First Person → Reporting Verb-এর Subject অনুযায়ী।
৯. Second Person → Reporting Verb-এর Object অনুযায়ী।
১০. Reporting Verb Past হলে সাধারণত tense এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে যাবে; তবে Universal Truth-এ tense পরিবর্তন হবে না।