Posted by Voice Change — বিস্তারিত আলোচনা
Voice Change বা Voice Transformation হলো বাক্যের কর্তা (Subject), কর্ম (Object) এবং Verb-এর রূপ পরিবর্তন করে Active Voice থেকে Passive Voice অথবা Passive Voice থেকে Active Voice-এ রূপান্তর করা।
চাকরির পরীক্ষা, BCS, ব্যাংক, শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন, প্রাথমিক শিক্ষক নিয়োগসহ বিভিন্ন পরীক্ষায় Voice Change খুবই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
১. Voice কাকে বলে?
একটি বাক্যে কাজটি কে করছে অথবা কার ওপর কাজটি হচ্ছে—তা Verb-এর মাধ্যমে প্রকাশ করার পদ্ধতিকে Voice বলে।
Voice প্রধানত দুই প্রকার:
- Active Voice — কর্তৃবাচ্য
- Passive Voice — কর্মবাচ্য
Active Voice
যেখানে Subject নিজে কাজটি করে।
Rahim writes a letter.
রহিম একটি চিঠি লেখে।
এখানে Rahim কাজটি করছে।
Passive Voice
যেখানে Object-এর ওপর কাজটি সংঘটিত হয়।
A letter is written by Rahim.
রহিমের দ্বারা একটি চিঠি লেখা হয়।
এখানে A letter-এর ওপর কাজটি হচ্ছে।
২. Active ও Passive-এর মূল কাঠামো
Active:
Subject + Verb + Object
Karim reads a book.
Passive:
Object + suitable form of be + Past Participle (V3) + by + Subject
A book is read by Karim.
মনে রাখার সূত্র:
Active-এর Object → Passive-এর Subject
Active-এর Subject → Passive-এ by-এর পরে
Main Verb → V3
৩. Voice Change করার ৫টি মূল নিয়ম
Rule 1: Object-কে Subject করতে হবে
Active:
He writes a letter.
Passive:
A letter is written by him.
Rule 2: Main Verb-এর Past Participle বা V3 ব্যবহার করতে হবে
| Verb | V1 | V2 | V3 |
| write | write | wrote | written |
| eat | eat | ate | eaten |
| do | do | did | done |
| make | make | made | made |
| see | see | saw | seen |
Passive Voice-এ মূল Verb সবসময় V3 হবে।
Rule 3: Tense অনুযায়ী Be Verb পরিবর্তন হবে
যেমন:
- Present Indefinite → am/is/are
- Past Indefinite → was/were
- Future Indefinite → will be
- Present Continuous → am/is/are being
- Past Continuous → was/were being
- Present Perfect → has/have been
- Past Perfect → had been
Rule 4: Subject-এর Pronoun পরিবর্তন হবে
| Active Subject | Passive-এ |
| I | me |
| We | us |
| You | you |
| He | him |
| She | her |
| They | them |
| It | it |
| Who | whom |
উদাহরণ:
He helps me.
I am helped by him.
Rule 5: Subject ও Object না থাকলে সাধারণত Passive করা যায় না
যে Verb-এর কোনো Object নেই, তাকে সাধারণত Passive করা যায় না।
He sleeps.
এখানে কোনো Object নেই। তাই সাধারণ Passive Voice হবে না।
৪. Tense অনুযায়ী Voice Change
A. Present Indefinite Tense
Active Structure:
Subject + V1/V5 + Object
Passive Structure:
Object + am/is/are + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
He writes a letter.
→ A letter is written by him.
They play football.
→ Football is played by them.
I read a book.
→ A book is read by me.
সূত্র:
V1 → am/is/are + V3
৫. Present Continuous Tense
Active:
Subject + am/is/are + V-ing + Object
Passive:
Object + am/is/are + being + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
He is writing a letter.
→ A letter is being written by him.
They are playing football.
→ Football is being played by them.
I am reading a book.
→ A book is being read by me.
সূত্র:
am/is/are + V-ing → am/is/are + being + V3
৬. Present Perfect Tense
Active:
Subject + has/have + V3 + Object
Passive:
Object + has/have + been + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
He has written a letter.
→ A letter has been written by him.
They have completed the work.
→ The work has been completed by them.
সূত্র:
has/have + V3 → has/have + been + V3
৭. Past Indefinite Tense
Active:
Subject + V2 + Object
Passive:
Object + was/were + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
He wrote a letter.
→ A letter was written by him.
They played football.
→ Football was played by them.
Karim bought a book.
→ A book was bought by Karim.
সূত্র:
V2 → was/were + V3
৮. Past Continuous Tense
Active:
Subject + was/were + V-ing + Object
Passive:
Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
He was writing a letter.
→ A letter was being written by him.
They were repairing the road.
→ The road was being repaired by them.
সূত্র:
was/were + V-ing → was/were + being + V3
৯. Past Perfect Tense
Active:
Subject + had + V3 + Object
Passive:
Object + had been + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
He had completed the work.
→ The work had been completed by him.
They had built the bridge.
→ The bridge had been built by them.
সূত্র:
had + V3 → had been + V3
১০. Future Indefinite Tense
Active:
Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object
Passive:
Object + will/shall + be + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
He will write a letter.
→ A letter will be written by him.
They will build a bridge.
→ A bridge will be built by them.
সূত্র:
will + V1 → will + be + V3
১১. Future Perfect Tense
Active:
Subject + will have + V3 + Object
Passive:
Object + will have been + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
He will have completed the work.
→ The work will have been completed by him.
১৩. Complete Tense Chart
| Tense | Active | Passive |
| Present Indefinite | V1/V5 | am/is/are + V3 |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are + V-ing | am/is/are + being + V3 |
| Present Perfect | has/have + V3 | has/have + been + V3 |
| Past Indefinite | V2 | was/were + V3 |
| Past Continuous | was/were + V-ing | was/were + being + V3 |
| Past Perfect | had + V3 | had been + V3 |
| Future Indefinite | will + V1 | will be + V3 |
| Future Perfect | will have + V3 | will have been + V3 |
এগুলোই Passive-এর সবচেয়ে বেশি ব্যবহৃত tense pattern। (LearnEnglish – British Council)
১৪. Modal Verb-এর Voice
Modal:
can, could, may, might, must, should, would, ought to
Active
S + Modal + V1 + O
Passive
O + Modal + be + V3 + by + S
Examples
He can do the work.
→ The work can be done by him.
You should obey your parents.
→ Your parents should be obeyed by you.
We must follow the rules.
→ The rules must be followed by us.
বিশেষ Formula
Modal + V1 → Modal + be + V3
১৫. “Have to / Has to / Had to”
Active
He has to complete the work.
Passive:
The work has to be completed by him.
Past:
He had to finish the work.
→ The work had to be finished by him.
১৬. “Going to” Future
Active
They are going to build a bridge.
Passive:
A bridge is going to be built by them.
Formula:
am/is/are going to + V1
↓
am/is/are going to be + V3
১৭. Imperative Sentence
Imperative sentence সাধারণত আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ বা নিষেধ বোঝায়।
সাধারণ Rule
Let + Object + be + V3
Example
Open the door.
→ Let the door be opened.
Write the letter.
→ Let the letter be written.
Do the work.
→ Let the work be done.
১৮. Negative Imperative
Active
Do not open the door.
Passive
Let not the door be opened.
অথবা:
Let the door not be opened.
Example
Do not waste time.
→ Let not time be wasted.
১৯. “Please” থাকলে
Active
Please help me.
Passive:
You are requested to help me.
Active
Please open the door.
Passive:
You are requested to open the door.
২০. “Kindly” থাকলে
Kindly help the poor.
→ You are requested to help the poor.
Kindly open the door.
→ You are requested to open the door.
২১. Interrogative Sentence
প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য Passive করার সময় Question structure বজায় রাখতে হবে।
Active
Does he write a letter?
Passive:
Is a letter written by him?
Active
Did he write the letter?
Passive:
Was the letter written by him?
Active
Will he complete the work?
Passive:
Will the work be completed by him?
২২. “Do / Does / Did” কী হবে?
Active-এ:
do/does/did + V1
থাকলে Passive-এ এগুলো আর থাকবে না; tense অনুযায়ী be বসবে।
Example
Does he write a letter?
→ Is a letter written by him?
Did he write a letter?
→ Was a letter written by him?
২৩. Wh-question
Who
Who wrote the letter?
→ By whom was the letter written?
What
What did he buy?
→ What was bought by him?
Which
Which book did he read?
→ Which book was read by him?
Why
Why did he punish the boy?
→ Why was the boy punished by him?
When
When did he write the letter?
→ When was the letter written by him?
২৪. “Who” থেকে “By whom”
এটি চাকরির পরীক্ষায় খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
Active
Who did the work?
Passive
By whom was the work done?
Active
Who teaches you English?
Passive
By whom are you taught English?
২৫. “Whom” এর ক্ষেত্রে
Active
Whom did you invite?
Passive:
Who was invited by you?
কারণ Passive-এ whom-এর object position পরিবর্তিত হয়ে subject position তৈরি হয়েছে।
২৬. Double Object
যেসব Verb-এর দুটি Object থাকে:
give, send, show, teach, tell, offer, lend, buy
তাদের Passive দুইভাবে হতে পারে।
Example
He gave me a book.
এখানে:
- me = Indirect Object
- a book = Direct Object
Passive:
I was given a book by him.
অথবা:
A book was given to me by him.
British Council-ও indirect object-কে Passive-এর subject করার এই pattern দেখায়।
২৭. “Give” এর আরও উদাহরণ
She gave me a pen.
→ I was given a pen by her.
→ A pen was given to me by her.
২৮. “Teach”
He taught me English.
→ I was taught English by him.
→ English was taught to me by him.
২৯. “Tell”
He told me a story.
→ I was told a story by him.
→ A story was told to me by him.
৩০. Preposition কখনো বাদ দেবেন না
এটি পরীক্ষার অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়।
Active
They laughed at him.
Passive:
He was laughed at by them.
❌ He was laughed by them.
Active
They looked after the child.
Passive:
The child was looked after by them.
Active
We should listen to the teacher.
Passive:
The teacher should be listened to by us.
Phrasal verb/prepositional verb Passive-এও ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
৩১. Phrasal Verb-এর Voice
call off
They called off the meeting.
→ The meeting was called off.
look after
She looks after the child.
→ The child is looked after by her.
send away
They sent him away.
→ He was sent away by them.
৩২. “Make” এর Voice
Active
They made him captain.
Passive
He was made captain by them.
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ
এখানে captain-এর আগে article বসবে না।
❌ He was made a captain.
✅ He was made captain.
৩৩. Causative “Make”
Active
make + object + V1
Passive:
object + be + made + to + V1
Example
The teacher made him write the letter.
→ He was made to write the letter by the teacher.
মনে রাখুন
Active-এ make-এর পরে V1
কিন্তু Passive-এ:
made + to + V1
৩৪. See, Hear, Watch
Active
I saw him cross the road.
Passive:
He was seen to cross the road by me.
Active
We heard him sing.
Passive:
He was heard to sing by us.
পরীক্ষার সূত্র
see/hear/watch + object + V1
→ object + be + V3 + to + V1
৩৫. “Let”
Active
Let me do the work.
Passive:
Let the work be done by me.
Active
Let him open the door.
Passive:
Let the door be opened by him.
৩৬. “People say that…”
এটি চাকরির পরীক্ষার খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Pattern।
Active
People say that he is honest.
Passive:
It is said that he is honest.
অথবা:
He is said to be honest.
Active
People believe that he is intelligent.
Passive:
It is believed that he is intelligent.
অথবা:
He is believed to be intelligent.
৩৭. Reporting Verb + that
যেসব Verb এভাবে আসে:
- say
- think
- believe
- know
- expect
- suppose
- consider
- understand
তাদের Passive-এ দুই ধরনের structure দেখা যায়।
Example
People think that he is honest.
→ It is thought that he is honest.
→ He is thought to be honest.
৩৮. Past action হলে “to have + V3”
এটি Advanced পরীক্ষার জন্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
Active
People believe that he stole the money.
Passive:
He is believed to have stolen the money.
কারণ stole কাজটি belief-এর আগেই ঘটেছে।
Formula
is believed + to have + V3
৩৯. “Supposed to”
People suppose that he is honest.
→ He is supposed to be honest.
৪০. “Expected to”
People expect him to win.
→ He is expected to win.
৪১. “Asked to”
The teacher asked him to open the door.
→ He was asked to open the door by the teacher.
৪২. “Ordered to”
The officer ordered the soldiers to march.
→ The soldiers were ordered to march by the officer.
৪৩. “Allowed to”
They allowed him to enter.
→ He was allowed to enter.
৪৪. “Invited to”
They invited him to attend the meeting.
→ He was invited to attend the meeting.
এই ধরনের Passive construction-এ be + V3 + to-infinitive খুব প্রচলিত।
৪৫. Transitive ও Intransitive Verb
এটি Voice Change শেখার অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়।
Transitive Verb
যে Verb-এর Object থাকে।
He reads a book.
reads → a book
তাই Passive করা যায়।
A book is read by him.
Intransitive Verb
যে Verb-এর Object থাকে না।
He sleeps.
এখানে Object নেই।
তাই সাধারণ Passive হবে না।
কিছু সাধারণ Intransitive Verb
- sleep
- come
- go
- arrive
- die
- happen
- occur
- rise
- sit
- stand
- laugh
৪৬. ভুল Voice Change
ভুল:
He sleeps a bed.
কারণ sleep সাধারণত এভাবে direct object নেয় না।
সঠিক:
He sleeps on a bed.
এখানে on a bed object নয়; এটি prepositional phrase।
৪৭. “By” কখন বাদ দেবেন?
Passive-এ Active Subject সবসময় by + Subject দিয়ে প্রকাশ করা বাধ্যতামূলক নয়।
Active:
Someone stole my bag.
Passive:
My bag was stolen.
এখানে কে চুরি করেছে তা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নয়/অজানা।
Passive-এ agent উল্লেখ না করাও স্বাভাবিক।
Active:
People speak English all over the world.
Passive:
English is spoken all over the world.
এখানে by people না দিলেও বাক্য সম্পূর্ণ।
৪৮. “By” এবং “With”-এর পার্থক্য
Passive-এ by সাধারণত কাজের কর্তা/agent বোঝায়।
with সাধারণত ব্যবহৃত হয় যন্ত্র/উপকরণ বোঝাতে।
Example
The boy broke the window with a stone.
Passive:
The window was broken by the boy with a stone.
by the boy = কে কাজ করেছে
with a stone = কী দিয়ে করেছে
৪৯. Object না থাকলে Passive নয়
He sleeps.
Passive করা যাবে না।
The baby cried.
সাধারণ Passive করা যাবে না।
They arrived late.
সাধারণ Passive করা যাবে না।
কারণ এদের direct object নেই।
৫০. পরীক্ষায় দ্রুত Voice চেনার কৌশল
প্রথমে দেখুন:
১. Subject কি কাজ করছে?
Rahim writes a letter.
→ Active
২. Subject-এর ওপর কি কাজ হচ্ছে?
A letter is written by Rahim.
→ Passive
৫১. Active → Passive করার ৭ ধাপ
Step 1: Subject চিহ্নিত করুন।
Step 2: Main Verb চিহ্নিত করুন।
Step 3: Object চিহ্নিত করুন।
Step 4: Tense নির্ণয় করুন।
Step 5: Object-কে সামনে আনুন।
Step 6: Tense অনুযায়ী Be + V3 বসান।
Step 7: প্রয়োজন হলে by + Subject বসান।
৫২. একটি কঠিন উদাহরণ
Active:
The teacher has given the students some homework.
এখানে:
- Subject = The teacher
- Verb = has given
- Indirect Object = the students
- Direct Object = some homework
দুটি Passive:
The students have been given some homework by the teacher.
অথবা:
Some homework has been given to the students by the teacher.
৫৩. Negative Sentence
Active:
He does not write a letter.
Passive:
A letter is not written by him.
Past:
He did not write a letter.
→ A letter was not written by him.
Perfect:
He has not completed the work.
→ The work has not been completed by him.
৫৪. Negative Interrogative
Active:
Does he not write a letter?
Passive:
Is a letter not written by him?
অথবা:
Isn’t a letter written by him?
পরীক্ষায় প্রশ্নের structure অনুযায়ী উত্তর দিতে হবে।
৫৫. “Only” থাকলে
Active:
Only Rahim can do the work.
Passive:
The work can be done only by Rahim.
এখানে only-এর অর্থ বজায় রাখতে হবে।
৫৬. “Nobody / No one”
Active:
Nobody can solve the problem.
Passive:
The problem cannot be solved by anybody.
এখানে অর্থের পরিবর্তন করা যাবে না।
৫৭. “Everyone”
Active:
Everyone loves flowers.
Passive:
Flowers are loved by everyone.
৫৮. “Nothing”
Active:
Nobody can do anything.
Passive:
Nothing can be done.
৫৯. “Always”
Active:
People always respect honest men.
Passive:
Honest men are always respected.
Adverb-এর অবস্থান সাধারণত Passive-এও অর্থপূর্ণ অবস্থানে রাখা হয়।
৬০. পরীক্ষার জন্য ১৫টি Super Important Pattern
Pattern 1
write → is written
Pattern 2
is writing → is being written
Pattern 3
has written → has been written
Pattern 4
wrote → was written
Pattern 5
was writing → was being written
Pattern 6
had written → had been written
Pattern 7
will write → will be written
Pattern 8
can write → can be written
Pattern 9
must obey → must be obeyed
Pattern 10
Do → Let … be done
Pattern 11
Do not → Let not … be done
Pattern 12
Who → By whom
Pattern 13
make + O + V1 → O + be made + to + V1
Pattern 14
see/hear + O + V1 → O + be + V3 + to + V1
Pattern 15
People say that → It is said that / S is said to…
৬১. চাকরির পরীক্ষায় Common Mistakes
ভুল ১: V2 ব্যবহার করা
❌ A letter was wrote by him.
✅ A letter was written by him.
Passive-এ V3 হবে।
ভুল ২: Continuous-এ “being” বাদ দেওয়া
❌ A letter is written by him.
যদি Active হয়:
He is writing a letter.
তাহলে:
✅ A letter is being written by him.
ভুল ৩: Perfect-এ “been” বাদ দেওয়া
❌ The work has completed by him.
✅ The work has been completed by him.
ভুল ৪: Modal-এর পরে “be” বাদ দেওয়া
❌ The work can done by him.
✅ The work can be done by him.
ভুল ৫: Preposition বাদ দেওয়া
❌ He was laughed by them.
✅ He was laughed at by them.
৬২. Voice Change-এর Master Formula
এটি মুখস্থ রাখলে অধিকাংশ প্রশ্ন সহজ হয়ে যাবে:
ACTIVE
Subject + Verb + Object
↓
PASSIVE
Object + Be + V3 + by + Subject
আর Tense অনুযায়ী শুধু Be পরিবর্তন হবে; Passive-এর মূল Verb V3-তেই থাকবে।
⭐ পরীক্ষার জন্য শেষ মুহূর্তের Revision Chart
| Active | Passive |
| writes | is written |
| is writing | is being written |
| has written | has been written |
| wrote | was written |
| was writing | was being written |
| had written | had been written |
| will write | will be written |
| can write | can be written |
| must do | must be done |
| should obey | should be obeyed |
| Do it | Let it be done |
| Who did it? | By whom was it done? |
| People say… | It is said… |
| make him do | he is made to do |
| see him do | he is seen to do |